Nursing Elites

1. In mammals, including humans, the sense of smell __________.

• A. does not become adultlike for several years
• B. helps mothers and babies identify each other
• C. is the least developed sense at birth
• D. takes about four months to become adultlike

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The sense of smell in mammals, including humans, plays a crucial role in helping mothers and babies identify each other. This is important for initiating bonding and caregiving behaviors. Choice A is incorrect because the sense of smell is functional at birth and not entirely underdeveloped for several years. Choice C is incorrect as the sense of smell is actually well-developed at birth. Choice D is incorrect because the sense of smell is functional from birth and does not take several months to become adultlike.

2. In a structured observation, each participant has an equal opportunity to display the behavior of interest because the researcher designs a specific set of conditions or tasks for all participants to engage in, providing a standardized environment for observation.

• A. clinical interview
• B. naturalistic observation
• C. structured observation
• D. case study

Correct answer: C

Rationale: In a structured observation, each participant has an equal opportunity to display the behavior of interest because the researcher designs a specific set of conditions or tasks for all participants to engage in, providing a standardized environment for observation. This allows for fair and equitable observations across all participants, ensuring that each individual has the same opportunities to exhibit the behavior being studied. Choice A, clinical interview, typically involves a one-on-one interaction between a researcher and a participant focusing on collecting information through questions and answers, not providing equal opportunities for behavior display. Choice B, naturalistic observation, involves observing individuals in their natural environment without intervention or manipulation of conditions, which may not always ensure equal opportunities for behavior display. Choice D, case study, focuses on in-depth analysis of a single individual or a small group, providing detailed information but not necessarily ensuring equal opportunities for behavior display among participants.

3. What is the best-known effect of smoking during the prenatal period?

• A. Colic
• B. Respiratory distress at birth
• C. Low birth weight
• D. Delayed language development

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The best-known effect of smoking during the prenatal period is low birth weight. Smoking during pregnancy is a known teratogen that can lead to negative outcomes for the developing fetus, such as growth restrictions resulting in low birth weight. This condition can have significant long-term consequences on the child's health and development. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect as they are not the primary effect associated with smoking during the prenatal period. Colic is typically associated with digestive issues, respiratory distress at birth can be caused by various factors other than smoking, and delayed language development is not directly linked to smoking during pregnancy.

4. Today, Albert Bandura's theory stresses the importance of __________.

• A. behavior modification
• B. punishment
• C. cognition
• D. reinforcement

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Albert Bandura's theory stresses the importance of cognition. Bandura's Social Learning Theory emphasizes the role of cognitive processes in learning and behavior, including the influence of observation, modeling, and mental representations. This theory highlights how individuals learn through observation and imitation of others, as well as their own thought processes and beliefs. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because while behavior modification, punishment, and reinforcement are aspects related to learning theories, they are not the primary focus of Bandura's theory, which revolves around cognition and social learning.

5. According to research on family chaos, mothers who __________ experience greater psychological stress.

• A. make family meals
• B. frequently multitask
• C. work outside the home
• D. cosleep with their infants

Correct answer: B

Rationale: According to research on family chaos, mothers who frequently multitask experience greater psychological stress. Multitasking can lead to increased stress levels as individuals juggle multiple responsibilities and tasks simultaneously, leading to a sense of being overwhelmed and unable to focus effectively. This can contribute to higher levels of psychological stress for mothers in particular, impacting their overall well-being. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because the research specifically links frequent multitasking, not making family meals, working outside the home, or cosleeping with infants, to greater psychological stress among mothers.

Similar Questions