how does influenza immunization produce immunity

ATI RN

ATI Pathophysiology Exam 3

1. How does influenza immunization produce immunity?

A. The virus from the vaccine remains in the body until the end of the season
B. An attenuated virus causes immune system suppression and triggers immunity
C. The body identifies the virus and develops antibodies against the virus
D. The vaccine remains in the injection site and produces immune cells

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C. Influenza immunization works by introducing a weakened or inactivated form of the virus into the body, allowing the immune system to recognize it as foreign. This recognition triggers the production of antibodies specific to the virus. Choice A is incorrect as the virus in the vaccine does not remain in the body until the end of the season. Choice B is incorrect as an attenuated virus does not cause immune system suppression but rather stimulates an immune response. Choice D is incorrect because the vaccine does not stay at the injection site but rather prompts a systemic immune response throughout the body.

2. What is the primary function of the kidneys in acid-base balance?

A. The kidneys remove hydrogen ions and retain bicarbonate ions.
B. The kidneys convert ammonia into urea, which is excreted in the urine.
C. The kidneys produce aldosterone to regulate sodium levels.
D. The kidneys secrete renin to regulate blood pressure.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A. The kidneys are crucial in maintaining acid-base balance by removing hydrogen ions to decrease acidity and retaining bicarbonate ions to increase alkalinity. Choice B is incorrect because the conversion of ammonia into urea is related to nitrogen waste excretion, not acid-base balance. Choice C is incorrect as aldosterone regulates sodium levels, not acid-base balance. Choice D is also incorrect as renin is involved in regulating blood pressure, not acid-base balance.

3. Which condition is characterized by a lack of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

A. Diabetes mellitus
B. Diabetes insipidus
C. Cushing's disease
D. Hyperthyroidism

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B, Diabetes insipidus. Diabetes insipidus is characterized by a lack of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), leading to excessive urination and thirst. Choice A, Diabetes mellitus, is a different condition characterized by high blood sugar levels. Choice C, Cushing's disease, is caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol. Choice D, Hyperthyroidism, involves an overactive thyroid gland producing excess thyroid hormones.

4. What is the pathophysiologic process responsible for the decreased glomerular filtration rate in a patient with acute glomerulonephritis?

A. Decreased renal-induced constriction of the renal arteries
B. Immune complex deposition, increased capillary permeability, and cellular proliferation
C. Necrosis of 70% or more of the nephrons secondary to increased kidney interstitial hydrostatic pressure
D. Scar tissue formation throughout the proximal convoluted tubule secondary to toxin-induced collagen synthesis

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Immune complex deposition, increased capillary permeability, and cellular proliferation. Acute glomerulonephritis is characterized by inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidneys. This inflammation leads to the deposition of immune complexes, increased capillary permeability, and cellular proliferation, which collectively contribute to a decreased glomerular filtration rate. Choice A is incorrect as decreased renal-induced constriction of the renal arteries would not directly result in decreased glomerular filtration rate. Choice C is incorrect as necrosis of nephrons due to increased kidney interstitial hydrostatic pressure would affect kidney function differently. Choice D is incorrect as scar tissue formation in the proximal convoluted tubule due to toxin-induced collagen synthesis is not a typical feature of acute glomerulonephritis.

5. What clinical manifestations would the nurse expect to find in a client who is experiencing anaphylaxis?

A. Dilated bronchioles, constriction of peripheral blood vessels, decreased capillary permeability
B. Asthma, deep vein thrombosis, hepatic encephalopathy
C. Narrowing of the bronchioles, dilation of the peripheral blood vessels, increased capillary permeability
D. Left-sided heart failure, pulmonary embolism, urinary tract infection

Correct answer: C

Rationale: In anaphylaxis, the client would present with narrowing of the bronchioles, dilation of the peripheral blood vessels, and increased capillary permeability. These manifestations lead to symptoms such as difficulty breathing, low blood pressure, and swelling. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because they do not describe the typical clinical manifestations of anaphylaxis.