Nursing Elites

1. Evolutionary developmental psychology __________.

• A. focuses on how the structures of the mind develop to better fit with, or represent, the external world
• B. seeks to understand the adaptive value of species-wide competencies as those competencies change with age
• C. views the human mind as a symbol-manipulating system through which information flows
• D. brings together researchers from many fields to study changes in the brain and behavior patterns

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Evolutionary developmental psychology seeks to understand the adaptive value of species-wide competencies as those competencies change with age. This field focuses on how psychological traits and behaviors have evolved to enhance survival and reproduction over time. It emphasizes the interaction between evolutionary principles and developmental processes to provide insights into human behavior and cognition. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not accurately describe the primary focus of evolutionary developmental psychology. Choice A is more aligned with cognitive psychology, choice C relates to cognitive science, and choice D could pertain to multidisciplinary approaches but not specifically to evolutionary developmental psychology.

2. In developing countries, the most readily available intervention for promoting the recovery of preterm babies is _________.

• A. hospitalization
• B. care in an isolette
• C. lying on a waterbed
• D. skin-to-skin 'kangaroo care'

Correct answer: D

Rationale: In developing countries, the most readily available intervention for promoting the recovery of preterm babies is skin-to-skin 'kangaroo care.' This involves direct skin-to-skin contact between the baby and a caregiver, typically the mother, which helps regulate the baby's body temperature, improve bonding, and support overall development. Kangaroo care can be easily implemented even in resource-limited settings and has been shown to have positive effects on preterm infants' health outcomes. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because hospitalization, care in an isolette, and lying on a waterbed are not specifically tailored interventions that address the unique needs of preterm babies in developing countries like kangaroo care does.

3. To avoid exposure to toxoplasmosis, Kaye should ask other family members to __________.

• A. stop smoking
• B. pick up after the dog
• C. change the litter box
• D. feed the fish

Correct answer: C

Rationale: To avoid exposure to toxoplasmosis, Kaye should ask other family members to change the litter box. Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic infection that can be transmitted through cat feces, so it is important for pregnant women to avoid handling cat litter to reduce the risk of infection. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because they are not directly related to preventing toxoplasmosis. Smoking cessation is important for overall health but not specifically to prevent toxoplasmosis. Picking up after the dog and feeding the fish are not relevant to preventing toxoplasmosis, as the infection is primarily associated with cat feces.

4. During Irina's first week of pregnancy, __________.

• A. heart muscles begin to develop
• B. the zygote multiplies and forms a blastocyst
• C. a primitive brain and spinal cord appear
• D. the embryo can move

Correct answer: B

Rationale: During the first week of pregnancy, the zygote (fertilized egg) undergoes rapid cell divisions and forms a blastocyst. This is a crucial stage where the cells differentiate and specialize, setting the foundation for the development of the embryo. It is during this time that the zygote implants itself into the uterine wall, initiating the process of pregnancy. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because during the first week of pregnancy, the focus is on the initial development and multiplication of the zygote, not on the development of heart muscles, a primitive brain and spinal cord, or the embryo's ability to move.

5. When faced with a problem, Sydney starts with a hypothesis, deduces testable inferences, and isolates and combines variables to see which inferences are confirmed. Sydney is in Piaget's __________ stage of development.

• A. sensorimotor
• B. preoperational
• C. concrete operational
• D. formal operational

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Sydney's approach of starting with a hypothesis, deducing testable inferences, and isolating and combining variables to confirm inferences aligns with the characteristics of the formal operational stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development. This stage typically emerges during adolescence and is characterized by advanced logical thinking, abstract reasoning, and the ability to think systematically about all possible outcomes of a problem. Choice A, sensorimotor, is incorrect as it pertains to the stage where infants learn through sensory experiences and motor actions. Choice B, preoperational, is incorrect as it involves egocentrism and lack of conservation. Choice C, concrete operational, is incorrect as it focuses on operational thought and logical reasoning in concrete contexts.

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