Nursing Elites

1. Each of the following is a function of the liver except one. Which one is the exception?

• A. Regulatory control of nutrients in the bloodstream
• B. Conversion of monosaccharides to triglycerides
• C. Breakdown of polysaccharide glycogen into glucose
• D. Oxidation of digestive end products to provide energy

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. The liver does not convert monosaccharides to triglycerides; instead, it converts monosaccharides to glucose or glycogen. Choice A is correct because the liver plays a role in regulating the levels of various nutrients in the bloodstream. Choice C is correct as the liver breaks down stored glycogen into glucose to maintain blood sugar levels. Choice D is correct as the liver oxidizes digestive end products to provide energy. Therefore, only choice B is incorrect as the liver does not convert monosaccharides to triglycerides.

2. A client is on a 2,000-calorie American Diabetes Association (ADA) diet and substitutes whole milk with skim milk. Which of the following items can the client add to the oatmeal on his breakfast tray?

• A. One 1/8 teaspoon of salt
• B. One ounce of raisins
• C. One tablespoon of low-fat margarine
• D. One teaspoon of brown sugar

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is one ounce of raisins. Raisins are a healthy option to add to oatmeal as they provide natural sweetness without added sugars. They are a good source of fiber and essential nutrients. Option A, one 1/8 teaspoon of salt, is not necessary for flavoring oatmeal. Option C, one tablespoon of low-fat margarine, may add unnecessary fat to the meal. Option D, one teaspoon of brown sugar, adds extra sugar, which should be limited in a diabetes-friendly diet.

3. Before Dianne performs the formal research study, what do you call the pre-testing, small-scale trial run to determine the effectiveness of data collection and methodological problems that might be encountered?

• A. Sampling
• B. Pre-testing
• C. Pre-Study
• D. Pilot Study

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is 'Pilot Study.' A pilot study is a small-scale trial run conducted before the formal research study to identify and address any issues related to data collection and methodology. This helps in determining the effectiveness of the research process and identifying potential problems that may arise. Choice A, 'Sampling,' refers to the process of selecting a subset of individuals from a larger population for research. Choice B, 'Pre-testing,' simply involves testing something before the main testing phase. Choice C, 'Pre-Study,' is not a commonly used term in research methodology and does not specifically refer to the small-scale trial run described in the question.

4. What describes a criterion used to diagnose diabetes?

• A. a plasma glucose concentration of 100 mg/dL or higher after a fast of at least 12 hours
• B. a casual blood sample of 200 mg/dL or higher in a person with classic symptoms
• C. a plasma glucose concentration measured two hours after a 200-gram glucose load is 400 mg/dL or higher
• D. a HbA1C higher than 5 percent

Correct answer: B

Rationale: A casual blood sample of 200 mg/dL or higher in a person with classic symptoms is a diagnostic criterion for diabetes. This choice aligns with the typical clinical presentation of diabetes and is a key diagnostic indicator. Choices A, C, and D do not accurately reflect the established criteria for diagnosing diabetes, making them incorrect. Choice A pertains to a fasting plasma glucose level, Choice C involves a glucose challenge test, and Choice D refers to HbA1C levels, which are used for monitoring blood sugar control over time, not for diagnosing diabetes.

5. Which type of nutritional deficiency results from inadequate absorption?

• A. Unmeasurable
• B. Primary deficiency
• C. Secondary deficiency
• D. Codependent

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Secondary deficiency. A nutritional deficiency resulting from decreased intake is called a primary deficiency. On the other hand, a secondary deficiency refers to a vitamin deficiency caused by inadequate absorption or use, increased requirements, excretion, or destruction. Choice A, 'Unmeasurable,' is incorrect as it does not describe a type of nutritional deficiency. Choice B, 'Primary deficiency,' is incorrect as it refers to a deficiency caused by decreased intake, not inadequate absorption. Choice D, 'Codependent,' is incorrect as it is unrelated to the context of nutritional deficiencies.

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