Nursing Elites

1. Each statement is true of rickets, except one. Which is the exception?

• A. Rickets is being diagnosed more frequently in the United States.
• B. Rickets is caused by vitamin C deficiency.
• C. Tachetic deformities such as bow legs or knock-knees develop.
• D. A narrow and distorted chest occurs.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Rickets is caused by vitamin D deficiency, not vitamin C deficiency. It usually occurs in children who are 1 to 3 years old. The name rickets came from the word 'wrikken,' meaning 'to bend or twist.' Common manifestations of rickets include tachetic deformities like bow legs or knock-knees, a narrow and distorted chest, and failure of the epiphyses of bones to develop normally, resulting in twisted and warped bones. While the diagnosis of rickets may be increasing in the United States, it is not caused by a lack of vitamin C.

2. Which nutrient is most important for maintaining fluid balance in the body?

• A. Protein
• B. Sodium
• C. Calcium
• D. Vitamin C

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Sodium plays a key role in maintaining fluid balance and regulating blood pressure.

3. Which of the following is reflected in an ECG due to hypokalemia?

• A. Tall T waves and Pathologic Q wave
• B. Widening QRS Complex and U wave
• C. None of the above
• D. Both A and B

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Hypokalemia, a condition characterized by low levels of potassium in the blood, is reflected in an ECG by a widening QRS Complex and a U wave. This is because potassium plays a key role in the electrical activity of the heart, and its deficiency can lead to abnormalities in the heart's rhythm as represented by these specific changes on the ECG. Choice A is incorrect as tall T waves and pathologic Q waves are more commonly associated with hyperkalemia or myocardial infarction, respectively, rather than hypokalemia. Choices C and D are also incorrect as they do not accurately reflect the ECG changes caused by hypokalemia.

4. A nurse is teaching a client who needs to increase their daily fluid intake. Which of the following foods has the highest percentage of water by weight?

• A. Yogurt
• B. Milk
• C. Lettuce
• D. Honey

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is Lettuce. Lettuce has the highest percentage of water by weight among the options provided, making it an excellent choice to increase fluid intake. Yogurt and milk have some water content but are not as high in water percentage as lettuce. Honey, on the other hand, contains very little water and is not a good choice for increasing fluid intake.

5. Glucagon is a hormone released into the bloodstream in response to high blood sugar. It helps to lower blood glucose after a meal.

• A. TRUE
• B. FALSE
• C.
• D.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Glucagon is released in response to low blood sugar and raises blood glucose levels by stimulating the release of glucose from liver stores, not lowering it.

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