Nursing Elites

1. Churns chyme and has an environment of pH2; holds 4-6 cups of food:

• A. stomach
• B. pancreas
• C. large intestine
• D. small intestine

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The stomach churns food into chyme and has a highly acidic environment (pH 2) to aid in the digestion of proteins and other nutrients.

2. Why are blood glucose levels high in type 1 diabetes?

• A. The urinary excretion of glucose is impaired
• B. The lean body mass is metabolized to produce glucose via gluconeogenesis
• C. The absorption of glucose from the gastrointestinal tract is more efficient
• D. There is insufficient insulin to facilitate the transport of glucose into the cells

Correct answer: D

Rationale: In type 1 diabetes, the body's immune system destroys the beta cells in the pancreas that produce insulin. This leads to an insufficient amount of insulin, which is required to facilitate the transport of glucose into the cells. Consequently, blood glucose levels remain high. The other options are incorrect. Option A is incorrect because urinary excretion of glucose does not directly contribute to blood glucose levels. Option B is incorrect because, while gluconeogenesis does produce glucose, it is not the cause of high glucose levels in type 1 diabetes. Option C is incorrect because absorption efficiency of glucose from the gastrointestinal tract does not affect the amount of insulin available to transport glucose into cells.

3. Which of the following are absorbed into the bloodstream without needing additional digestion?

• A. amino acids
• B. monosaccharides
• C. glycerol
• D. all of the above

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Amino acids, monosaccharides, and glycerol are absorbed directly into the bloodstream without requiring further digestion.

4. The mechanism behind most CKD in patients without diabetes is mediated by:

• A. enzyme systems
• B. immune systems
• C. catabolic systems
• D. hormonal systems

Correct answer: B

Rationale: In non-diabetic patients, CKD is often mediated by immune system responses. Chronic inflammation triggered by immune system dysfunction can contribute to progressive kidney damage. Therefore, the correct answer is 'immune systems.' Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because CKD in non-diabetic patients is primarily associated with immune system abnormalities rather than enzyme, catabolic, or hormonal systems.

5. When documenting outcome of Richard’s treatment Mario should include the following in his recording EXCEPT:

• A. Color, amount and consistency of sputum
• B. Character of breath sounds and respiratory rate before and after procedure
• C. Amount of fluid intake of client before and after the procedure
• D. Significant changes in vital signs

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Nursing interventions should be grounded in a deep understanding of the physiological processes involved, ensuring that care provided is both effective and efficient.

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