Nursing Elites

1. An obstetrician tells a 42-year-old patient that she can have a healthy baby, but that she is of 'advanced maternal age.' The patient is so upset that she fails to listen to the rest of the doctor's advice, goes home in a huff, and immediately dyes her hair.

• A. the age of the sperm.
• B. the age of her eggs.
• C. her risk of developing diabetes.
• D. her cholesterol level, not her appearance.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is 'the age of her eggs.' As women age, the quality of their eggs decreases, leading to a higher risk of chromosomal abnormalities and infertility. This decline in egg quality is why advanced maternal age is associated with a higher risk of certain pregnancy complications. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because the primary concern in this context is related to the age-related changes in a woman's eggs, not sperm, diabetes risk, or cholesterol levels.

2. What causes wrinkled and sagging skin?

• A. Drinking too much water
• B. Heredity alone
• C. Loss of subcutaneous fat and reduced levels of elastin and collagen
• D. Excess subcutaneous fat

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Wrinkled and sagging skin is primarily caused by the loss of subcutaneous fat and reduced levels of elastin and collagen in the skin. Choice A is incorrect as drinking too much water does not lead to wrinkled and sagging skin. Choice B is incorrect because heredity alone does not cause this condition. Excess subcutaneous fat, as mentioned in Choice D, can contribute to a different skin appearance, such as puffiness, but not wrinkled and sagging skin.

3. An occurrence of too high a concentration of which of the following electrolytes is associated with cardiac arrhythmias?

• A. chloride
• B. phosphorus
• C. potassium
• D. sodium

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is potassium. High levels of potassium in the blood, known as hyperkalemia, can lead to cardiac arrhythmias by affecting the electrical activity of the heart. This can disrupt the normal rhythm of the heart and lead to serious complications. Chloride, phosphorus, and sodium imbalances are not typically associated with cardiac arrhythmias, making them incorrect choices.

4. Which of the following illustrates a positive feedback mechanism?

• A. Maintaining blood pressure
• B. Uterine contractions during childbirth
• C. Body temperature control
• D. Control of blood sugar

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is uterine contractions during childbirth. This is an example of a positive feedback mechanism where the initial stimulus (contractions) leads to an increase in intensity and frequency, ultimately resulting in childbirth. In contrast, choices A, C, and D (maintaining blood pressure, body temperature control, and control of blood sugar) are examples of negative feedback mechanisms. These mechanisms work to maintain stability by counteracting any deviations from the set point, rather than amplifying the response like in a positive feedback mechanism.

5. Which of the following structures, located at the end of the ear canal, vibrates when sound waves strike it?

• A. Acoustic meatus
• B. Cochlea
• C. Eustachian tube
• D. Tympanic membrane

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is the Tympanic membrane. The tympanic membrane, also known as the eardrum, is located at the end of the ear canal and vibrates when sound waves strike it. This vibration is then transmitted to the ossicles in the middle ear, which amplify and transmit the sound to the inner ear. Choice A, the Acoustic meatus, is incorrect as it is the ear canal itself, not the structure that vibrates. Choice B, the Cochlea, is responsible for translating sound vibrations into electrical signals but is not located at the end of the ear canal. Choice C, the Eustachian tube, is responsible for equalizing pressure between the middle ear and the atmosphere and is not involved in vibration from sound waves.

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