Nursing Elites

1. A client with nephropathy secondary to diabetes mellitus is receiving dietary teaching from a nurse and plans to make dietary adjustments. Which of the following instructions should the nurse include?

• A. Consume less than 45% of total calories from carbohydrates per day.
• B. Eat no more than 300 mg of cholesterol per day.
• C. Consume less than 0.8 g/kg of body weight of protein per day.
• D. Eat at least 45 g of fiber per day.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: For a client with nephropathy secondary to diabetes mellitus, increasing fiber intake is essential as it can help manage blood sugar levels and improve overall bowel health. Choice A is incorrect because carbohydrates should be controlled but not limited to less than 45% of total calories. Choice B is incorrect as the recommended daily cholesterol intake for individuals with diabetes is less than 200 mg. Choice C is incorrect as protein intake should be individualized based on the client's condition and should not be limited to less than 0.8 g/kg of body weight per day.

2. What is the priority nursing goal for an adolescent with anorexia nervosa?

• A. Encourage effective coping skills
• B. Restore normal eating habits
• C. Stop weight loss or restore weight
• D. Promote realistic self-image

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The priority nursing goal for an adolescent with anorexia nervosa is to stop weight loss or restore weight. This is crucial in addressing the immediate health risks associated with anorexia nervosa, such as malnutrition, organ damage, and potential life-threatening complications. While encouraging effective coping skills, restoring normal eating habits, and promoting a realistic self-image are important aspects of treatment, stopping weight loss or restoring weight takes precedence due to the severe physical consequences of anorexia nervosa.

3. Match the energy-yielding nutrient to the amount of energy it provides to the body: Carbs, Fats, Proteins.

• A. Carbs - 4kcal/g
• B. Fats - 9kcal/g
• C. Proteins - 4kcal/g
• D. All of the above

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, All of the above. Carbohydrates and proteins provide 4 kcal per gram, while fats provide 9 kcal per gram. Therefore, all three energy-yielding nutrients provide different amounts of energy to the body. Choice A, B, and C are incorrect because each of them individually provides a specific amount of energy per gram, but when considering all nutrients together, they collectively cover the spectrum of energy provision to the body.

4. Which nutrient is most important for maintaining fluid balance in the body?

• A. Protein
• B. Sodium
• C. Calcium
• D. Vitamin C

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Sodium plays a key role in maintaining fluid balance and regulating blood pressure.

5. Cariogenic foods and beverages, which are fermentable carbohydrates that can be metabolized by oral bacteria, reduce salivary pH to what critical level?

• A. 5
• B. 5.5
• C. 6
• D. 6.5

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Cariogenic foods and beverages lower the pH level in the mouth to below 5.5. This is a critical threshold, as it is the point at which enamel begins to demineralize, increasing the risk of dental caries. Therefore, options 'A', 'C', and 'D' are incorrect. Although a pH level of 5, as suggested by option 'A', would indeed lead to demineralization, it's not the threshold value. The pH levels suggested by options 'C' and 'D' (6 and 6.5, respectively) are higher than the critical value of 5.5, which means they would not initiate enamel demineralization and the subsequent risk of dental caries.

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