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MSN 570 Advanced Pathophysiology Final 2024
1. Why does multiple sclerosis manifest as asymmetrical and in different parts of the body?
- A. Autoreactive lymphocytes are causing diffuse patchy damage to the myelin sheath in the central nervous system.
- B. Acetylcholine receptors are destroyed by immunoglobulin G.
- C. Autoreactive T lymphocytes cause progressive loss of neurons in the substantia nigra.
- D. Cortical motor cells degenerate.
Correct answer: Autoreactive lymphocytes are causing diffuse patchy damage to the myelin sheath in the central nervous system.
Rationale: Multiple sclerosis is characterized by the immune system mistakenly attacking the myelin sheath in the central nervous system. This results in the formation of lesions that can occur in different parts of the central nervous system, leading to varied symptoms depending on the location of the damage. Choice A is the correct answer because it accurately describes the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they describe mechanisms or locations that are not associated with the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis.
2. Which of the following statements best describes the benefit of using an occupation-centered practice model?
- A. Addresses the unique value of occupation
- B. Provides intervention protocols
- C. Provides specific intervention activities
- D. Addresses children's limitations in skills
Correct answer: A
Rationale: An occupation-centered practice model focuses on the unique value of engaging in meaningful and purposeful activities, known as occupations. By addressing the significance of occupation in an individual's life, this model emphasizes the importance of activities that hold personal meaning and relevance. Understanding and incorporating the value of occupation can lead to more client-centered and holistic interventions that promote health and well-being. Choice B is incorrect as the model emphasizes the value of occupations, not just intervention protocols. Choice C is incorrect as the model is centered around the value of occupations, not just specific intervention activities. Choice D is incorrect as the model is not primarily focused on addressing children's limitations in skills, but rather on the significance of engaging in meaningful activities.
3. A healthcare professional is interested in making interdisciplinary work a high priority. Which actions by the professional best demonstrate this skill? (SATA)
- A. Consulting with other disciplines on client care
- B. Coordinating discharge planning for home safety
- C. Participating in comprehensive client rounding
- D. Sharing the care plans with other disciplines
Correct answer: A, C, D
Rationale: Interdisciplinary work in healthcare involves effective communication and collaboration between different disciplines for holistic client care. Consulting with other disciplines allows for sharing expertise, insights, and perspectives to enhance client outcomes. Participating in comprehensive client rounding involves a team-based approach to discuss and plan client care collectively. Sharing nursing care plans with other disciplines ensures that all team members are informed and can contribute to the client's overall well-being. Coordinating discharge planning is important but may not directly demonstrate interdisciplinary collaboration as the other actions do.
4. The four parenting styles described in the text differ along two dimensions: warmth and control. The style associated with the most positive developmental outcome is best described as ________ in warmth and ________ in control.
- A. high; low
- B. low; low
- C. high; moderately high
- D. low; moderately high
Correct answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: 'high in warmth and moderately high in control.' The authoritative parenting style, associated with the most positive developmental outcomes, is characterized by high levels of warmth and support coupled with moderately high levels of control. This balance allows children to develop independence while feeling secure and valued. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because the authoritative style is not characterized by low warmth or low control, but rather high warmth and moderate control.
5. When assessing a patient with schizophrenia who exhibits flat affect and social withdrawal, these symptoms are classified as:
- A. Positive symptoms
- B. Negative symptoms
- C. Cognitive symptoms
- D. Mood symptoms
Correct answer: B
Rationale: Flat affect and social withdrawal are characteristic of negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Negative symptoms involve disruptions to normal emotions and behaviors, such as reduced emotional expression (flat affect) and social withdrawal. These symptoms reflect a decrease or absence of normal functions. Positive symptoms, on the other hand, involve the presence of abnormal behaviors or experiences, such as hallucinations and delusions, which are added to a person’s experiences. Cognitive symptoms relate to difficulties with thinking, memory, and processing information, impacting cognition. Mood symptoms involve disturbances in mood regulation, which is distinct from the flat affect seen in negative symptoms.
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