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1. Which of the following is an example of an environmental factor that could influence decision-making in nursing?
- A. Personal preferences
- B. Ethical considerations
- C. Availability of resources
- D. All of the above
Correct answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, 'All of the above.' Environmental factors encompass a wide range of influences on decision-making in nursing. Personal preferences can impact how a nurse chooses a course of action, ethical considerations guide decision-making based on moral principles, and the availability of resources determines the options that are feasible. Therefore, all of these factors play a significant role in influencing decision-making in nursing. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because each of them individually represents a specific environmental factor, whereas the correct answer D acknowledges that all of these factors collectively contribute to influencing decision-making.
2. What procedure is used to visualize the airways and diagnose lung disease?
- A. Bronchoscopy
- B. Thoracentesis
- C. Pulmonary function test
- D. Chest X-ray
Correct answer: A
Rationale: Bronchoscopy is the correct answer because it is a procedure specifically designed to visualize the airways and diagnose lung diseases by allowing doctors to examine the inside of the airways. Thoracentesis involves the removal of fluid from the pleural space around the lungs, not the airways. Pulmonary function tests assess how well the lungs work but do not visualize the airways directly. A chest X-ray provides an image of the lungs and surrounding structures but does not involve direct visualization of the airways.
3. A healthcare provider is providing discharge instructions to a client who is prescribed Enalapril. Which of the following adverse effects should the healthcare provider instruct the client to monitor?
- A. Dry cough
- B. Weight gain
- C. Diarrhea
- D. Nausea
Correct answer: A
Rationale: A persistent dry cough is a common adverse effect of Enalapril, an ACE inhibitor. This cough is a result of increased bradykinin levels due to ACE inhibition. The client should be educated to monitor for a dry cough and notify the healthcare provider if it occurs, as it may indicate the need for a medication adjustment. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because weight gain, diarrhea, and nausea are not commonly associated adverse effects of Enalapril.
4. Dr. Faulkner believes that directly observable events, such as stimuli and responses, are the appropriate focus of the study of development. Dr. Faulkner probably follows the __________ perspective of development.
- A. psychosexual
- B. psychosocial
- C. behaviorist
- D. cognitive-developmental
Correct answer: C
Rationale: Dr. Faulkner's focus on directly observable events, such as stimuli and responses, aligns with the behaviorist perspective of development. Behaviorism emphasizes the influence of the environment on individual behavior and learning, with a strong emphasis on observable actions rather than internal mental processes or stages of development. Choice A, psychosexual, is associated with Freud's theory focusing on stages of psychosexual development. Choice B, psychosocial, is linked to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development. Choice D, cognitive-developmental, is related to Piaget's theory emphasizing cognitive development stages.
5. When caring for a client with asthma experiencing an acute exacerbation, which medication should the nurse administer first?
- A. Montelukast
- B. Salmeterol
- C. Albuterol
- D. Fluticasone
Correct answer: C
Rationale: During an acute asthma exacerbation, the priority is to quickly relieve bronchoconstriction and improve airflow. Albuterol is a short-acting bronchodilator that acts rapidly to dilate the airways, making it the first-line medication for acute symptom relief. Montelukast is a leukotriene receptor antagonist used for long-term asthma control, not for immediate relief. Salmeterol is a long-acting bronchodilator used for maintenance therapy, not for acute exacerbations. Fluticasone is an inhaled corticosteroid that reduces airway inflammation and is also used for long-term control, not for immediate relief during an exacerbation.
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