Nursing Elites

1. Which individual is most likely to experience the greatest percentage of REM sleep?

• A. Sammy, a preschool child
• B. Jake, a full-term newborn
• C. Sarah, a teenager
• D. Cheryl, a preterm newborn Answer: D Page Ref: 104 Copyright © 2018 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 32 Test Bank for Berk, Development Through the Lifespan, 7e Skill Level: Apply Topic: The Newborn Baby’s Capacities Difficulty Level: Moderate

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Preterm newborns, like Cheryl, experience a higher percentage of REM sleep compared to full-term newborns. This is because REM sleep plays a critical role in brain development, and preterm infants have an increased need for brain development due to their early arrival. Therefore, Cheryl, as a preterm newborn, is most likely to experience the greatest percentage of REM sleep among the individuals listed.

2. In an experimental study examining whether children who are read to more often score higher on vocabulary tests in first grade, the independent variable would be the __________.

• A. frequency of read-alouds
• B. type of books parents read
• C. child’s vocabulary score Copyright © 2018 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 31 Test Bank for Berk, Development Through the Lifespan, 7e
• D. difficulty of vocabulary words Answer: A Page Ref: 33 Skill Level: Apply and limitations of each. Topic: Studying Development Difficulty Level: Difficult

Correct answer: A

Rationale: In an experimental study, the independent variable is the factor being manipulated or controlled by the researcher. In this case, the frequency of read-alouds is the variable that researchers would intentionally change or vary to see its effect on the dependent variable, which is the children's vocabulary scores. The other options (B. type of books parents read, C. child's vocabulary score, and D. difficulty of vocabulary words) are not the independent variable in this study as they are either irrelevant or are the outcome being measured.

3. According to psychosexual theory, what is crucial for healthy personality development?

• A. Children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore the world.
• B. Directly observable events are the appropriate focus of psychological study.
• C. How parents manage their child's sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years.
• D. The ego makes a positive contribution to development, acquiring attitudes and skills.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: According to psychosexual theory, developed by Sigmund Freud, how parents manage their child's sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years is crucial for healthy personality development. This theory suggests that personality development is heavily influenced by a child's experiences during early stages of development, particularly related to handling sexual and aggressive impulses. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect as they do not align with the core principles of psychosexual theory, which focuses on the importance of early childhood experiences, especially in the context of sexual and aggressive drives.

4. In the scenario where parents at Central Elementary School responded to a multiple-choice questionnaire regarding the most important activity they do with their child, this is an example of a __________.

• A. structured interview
• B. clinical interview
• C. naturalistic observation
• D. structured observation

Correct answer: A

Rationale: A structured interview involves asking individuals a predetermined set of questions in a set order. In this scenario, parents at Central Elementary School were given a multiple-choice questionnaire, which indicates that the questions were predetermined and likely asked in a specific order. This method allows for standardized data collection and comparison across participants. Choice B, clinical interview, involves in-depth questioning aimed at understanding an individual's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors related to psychological issues, which is not the case here. Choice C, naturalistic observation, involves observing individuals in their natural environment without interference, which is not applicable to a questionnaire scenario. Choice D, structured observation, involves systematically observing behavior in predefined ways, not relevant to the given scenario of questionnaire responses.

5. Bernadette, a participant in a longitudinal study, became quite familiar with the test over time and, as a result, her performance improved. This limitation of longitudinal research is known as __________. Copyright © 2018 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 34 Test Bank for Berk, Development Through the Lifespan, 7e

• A. biased sampling
• B. practice effects
• C. random assignment
• D. cohort effects Answer: B Page Ref: 35 Skill Level: Apply Topic: Studying Development Difficulty Level: Moderate

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Practice effects refer to the phenomenon where participants in a longitudinal study show improvement in test performance over time due to becoming familiar with the tasks or test materials. This can be considered a limitation as it may distort the results by showing an artificial improvement rather than a true developmental change.

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