which clients are at highest risk for pneumonia

ATI RN

ATI Pathophysiology Exam 1

1. Which clients are at highest risk for pneumonia?

A. Those in their 20s and 30s and generally healthy
B. Those who exercise regularly and are not exposed to pathogens
C. Those who are hospitalized and immunocompromised
D. Those who have adequate respiratory function

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Clients who are hospitalized and immunocompromised are at the highest risk for pneumonia due to their weakened immune systems. Choice A is incorrect as young and healthy individuals typically have stronger immune systems. Choice B is incorrect because regular exercise can actually boost the immune system and reduce the risk of infections. Choice D is incorrect as having adequate respiratory function does not necessarily correlate with the risk of developing pneumonia.

2. A patient is starting on a statin medication for hyperlipidemia. What critical instruction should the nurse provide?

A. Take the medication at night to reduce the risk of muscle pain and other side effects.
B. Take the medication in the morning with breakfast to improve absorption.
C. Avoid alcohol consumption while taking this medication to reduce the risk of liver damage.
D. Take the medication with a high-fat meal to increase its effectiveness.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A. Statins like atorvastatin should be taken at night to reduce the risk of muscle pain and other side effects. Taking the medication with a high-fat meal (choice D) is not recommended as it can decrease the effectiveness of the medication. Alcohol consumption (choice C) should be moderated but does not need to be completely avoided unless contraindicated. Taking the medication with breakfast (choice B) may not be as effective as taking it at night due to the circadian rhythm of cholesterol synthesis.

3. Identify which conditions are due to excessive immune response.

A. Allergies and onychomycosis
B. Type II diabetes and smallpox
C. Chronic renal failure and macular degeneration
D. Allergies and rheumatoid arthritis

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Allergies and rheumatoid arthritis. Allergies are caused by an excessive immune response to harmless substances, while rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks the body's tissues, leading to inflammation and joint damage. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect. Onychomycosis is a fungal infection of the nails, Type II diabetes is a metabolic disorder not primarily related to immune response, smallpox is a viral infection, chronic renal failure is a kidney condition, and macular degeneration is an eye disorder, none of which are directly linked to excessive immune response.

4. How does tamsulosin (Flomax) primarily benefit male patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?

A. Relaxation of the muscles in the prostate and bladder neck, leading to improved urinary flow.
B. Reduction in prostate size and improvement in urinary symptoms.
C. Increase in urine flow and relief of urinary obstruction.
D. Improvement in erectile function.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Tamsulosin works by relaxing the muscles in the prostate and bladder neck, which helps improve urinary flow in patients with BPH. This relaxation reduces the symptoms associated with BPH, such as urinary hesitancy, urgency, and frequency. Choice B is incorrect because tamsulosin does not directly reduce the size of the prostate gland. Choice C is incorrect as while tamsulosin does improve urine flow, its primary mechanism of action is through muscle relaxation rather than directly relieving obstruction. Choice D is incorrect as tamsulosin is not indicated for improving erectile function; its main therapeutic effect is targeted towards urinary symptoms related to BPH.

5. What causes type I diabetes?

A. Overproduction of insulin from the beta cells of the pancreas
B. Destruction of the beta cells within the pancreas, resulting in an inability to produce insulin
C. Loss of insulin receptors on the target cells, resulting in insulin resistance
D. A pituitary tumor in the brain, resulting in increased antidiuretic hormone production

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Type I diabetes is caused by the destruction of the beta cells in the pancreas, leading to an inability to produce insulin. This results in a lack of insulin, leading to hyperglycemia. Choice A is incorrect as type I diabetes is characterized by a deficiency of insulin production, not overproduction. Choice C describes the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes, where insulin receptors become less responsive to insulin. Choice D is unrelated to type I diabetes as it describes a pituitary tumor causing increased antidiuretic hormone production.