Nursing Elites

1. When does dehydration begin to occur?

• A. the body reduces fluid output to zero.
• B. the body increases the release of ANH.
• C. the salivary secretions decrease.
• D. the salivary secretions increase.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Dehydration leads to a decrease in the body's fluid levels, causing the salivary glands to produce less saliva, resulting in a dry mouth. Therefore, when dehydration begins to occur, salivary secretions decrease. Choice A is incorrect because the body does not reduce fluid output to zero during dehydration; it tries to conserve fluids. Choice B is incorrect as dehydration does not directly increase the release of ANH (Atrial Natriuretic Hormone). Choice D is incorrect because salivary secretions do not increase but decrease during dehydration.

2. The renin and angiotensin systems help to maintain the balance of sodium and water in the body. What other functions do these systems serve?

• A. Regulating hemoglobin levels
• B. Maintaining a healthy blood volume
• C. Releasing platelets when tissues are injured
• D. Lowering blood volumes

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Maintaining a healthy blood volume. The renin and angiotensin systems not only help to regulate sodium and water balance in the body but also play a crucial role in maintaining an adequate blood volume. This is essential for normal blood pressure regulation and overall cardiovascular health. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because hemoglobin levels are primarily regulated by the bone marrow and erythropoietin, platelets are released in response to blood vessel injury by a different mechanism, and the systems do not focus on lowering blood volumes but rather on maintaining them.

3. A nurse assesses a client who is prescribed furosemide (Lasix) for hypertension. For which acid-base imbalance should the nurse assess to prevent complications of this therapy?

• A. Respiratory acidosis
• B. Respiratory alkalosis
• C. Metabolic acidosis
• D. Metabolic alkalosis

Correct answer: D

Rationale:

4. The nurse is assessing the patient for the presence of a Chvostek's sign. What electrolyte imbalance does a positive Chvostek's sign indicate?

• A. Hypermagnesemia
• B. Hypomagnesemia
• C. Hypocalcemia
• D. Hyperkalemia

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Chvostek's sign is characterized by a brief contraction of the upper lip, nose, or side of the face and is indicative of hypocalcemia, making choice C the correct answer. Hypomagnesemia (choice B) is associated with Trousseau's sign, not Chvostek's sign. Hypermagnesemia (choice A) is not related to Chvostek's sign. Hyperkalemia (choice D) is not typically associated with Chvostek's sign; instead, it may present with muscle weakness and cardiac arrhythmias.

5. The baroreceptors, located in the left atrium and in the carotid and aortic arches, respond to changes in the circulating blood volume and regulate sympathetic and parasympathetic neural activity as well as endocrine activities. Sympathetic stimulation constricts renal arterioles, causing what effect?

• A. Decrease in the release of aldosterone
• B. Increase of filtration in the Loop of Henle
• C. Decrease in the reabsorption of sodium
• D. Decrease in glomerular filtration

Correct answer: D

Rationale:

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