Nursing Elites

1. Vygotsky's emphasis on culture and social experience led him to __________.

• A. understand the interaction between biological factors and social influences in cognitive development
• B. overemphasize the role of heredity in cognitive change
• C. emphasize children's independent efforts to make sense of their world
• D. place too much emphasis on children's capacity to shape their own development

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Vygotsky's emphasis on culture and social experience did not lead him to neglect the biological side of development. Instead, he believed that biological factors and social influences interact to shape cognitive development. Choice A is correct because it reflects Vygotsky's view that biological factors and social experiences work together in cognitive development. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as Vygotsky's emphasis was not on overemphasizing heredity, focusing solely on independent efforts of children, or placing too much emphasis on children's capacity to shape their own development.

2. Baby Azeez's limb movements are gentle. He stirs occasionally, and facial grimacing occurs. Although his eyelids are closed, occasional rapid eye movements can be seen beneath them. Azeez is most likely in which state?

• A. regular sleep
• B. drowsiness
• C. irregular sleep
• D. quiet alertness

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The description of Baby Azeez's behavior matches the characteristics of irregular sleep in a newborn. During irregular sleep, limb movements are gentle, occasional facial grimacing occurs, and rapid eye movements can be seen beneath closed eyelids. This state is also known as active sleep and is associated with dreaming in newborns. Choice A, regular sleep, is incorrect as the described behaviors are not typical of this state. Choice B, drowsiness, does not match the active movements and facial grimacing observed in Azeez. Choice D, quiet alertness, is also incorrect as it does not align with the described behaviors of limb movements, facial grimacing, and rapid eye movements.

3. In mammals, including humans, the sense of smell __________.

• A. does not become adultlike for several years
• B. helps mothers and babies identify each other
• C. is the least developed sense at birth
• D. takes about four months to become adultlike

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The sense of smell in mammals, including humans, plays a crucial role in helping mothers and babies identify each other. This is important for initiating bonding and caregiving behaviors. Choice A is incorrect because the sense of smell is functional at birth and not entirely underdeveloped for several years. Choice C is incorrect as the sense of smell is actually well-developed at birth. Choice D is incorrect because the sense of smell is functional from birth and does not take several months to become adultlike.

4. Children in middle childhood are in Piaget's _______ stage, which extends from about 7 to 11 years.

• A. sensorimotor
• B. preoperational
• C. concrete operational
• D. formal operational

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: concrete operational. During the concrete operational stage, children start to engage in logical thinking about concrete events. This stage typically occurs between the ages of 7 to 11 years. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect. The sensorimotor stage (choice A) is the first stage in Piaget's theory, occurring from birth to about 2 years old. The preoperational stage (choice B) follows the sensorimotor stage and occurs roughly from ages 2 to 7 years. The formal operational stage (choice D) is the final stage in Piaget's theory, where abstract thinking and hypothetical reasoning develop, usually beginning around age 11.

5. In an experimental study examining whether children who are read to more often score higher on vocabulary tests in first grade, the independent variable would be the __________.

• A. frequency of read-alouds
• B. type of books parents read
• C. child’s vocabulary score Copyright © 2018 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 31 Test Bank for Berk, Development Through the Lifespan, 7e
• D. difficulty of vocabulary words Answer: A Page Ref: 33 Skill Level: Apply and limitations of each. Topic: Studying Development Difficulty Level: Difficult

Correct answer: A

Rationale: In an experimental study, the independent variable is the factor being manipulated or controlled by the researcher. In this case, the frequency of read-alouds is the variable that researchers would intentionally change or vary to see its effect on the dependent variable, which is the children's vocabulary scores. The other options (B. type of books parents read, C. child's vocabulary score, and D. difficulty of vocabulary words) are not the independent variable in this study as they are either irrelevant or are the outcome being measured.

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