vygotskys emphasis on culture and social experience led him to

ATI RN

Human Growth and Development Exam Questions

1. Vygotsky's emphasis on culture and social experience led him to __________.

A. understand the interaction between biological factors and social influences in cognitive development
B. overemphasize the role of heredity in cognitive change
C. emphasize children's independent efforts to make sense of their world
D. place too much emphasis on children's capacity to shape their own development

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Vygotsky's emphasis on culture and social experience did not lead him to neglect the biological side of development. Instead, he believed that biological factors and social influences interact to shape cognitive development. Choice A is correct because it reflects Vygotsky's view that biological factors and social experiences work together in cognitive development. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as Vygotsky's emphasis was not on overemphasizing heredity, focusing solely on independent efforts of children, or placing too much emphasis on children's capacity to shape their own development.

2. Which statement about the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is true?

A. About 30 percent of all new HIV infections affect women.
B. In South Africa, 30 percent of all pregnant women are HIV-positive.
C. About 30 percent of new HIV infections occur in developing countries.
D. Untreated HIV-infected mothers pass the virus to the fetus 30 percent of the time.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: 'In South Africa, 30 percent of all pregnant women are HIV-positive.' This statement is true as South Africa has a high prevalence of HIV among pregnant women, emphasizing the need for interventions to prevent mother-to-child transmission. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect. Choice A is inaccurate as women account for more than 50% of new HIV infections globally. Choice C is misleading as the majority of new HIV infections actually occur in sub-Saharan Africa, not just developing countries. Choice D is also incorrect as without treatment, the risk of mother-to-child transmission is higher than 30%.

3. If pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum shrinks, and the __________.

A. cells begin to duplicate
B. one-celled zygote multiplies and forms a blastocyst
C. germinal period lasts only about two weeks
D. lining of the uterus is discarded

Correct answer: D

Rationale: If pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum will shrink. As a result, the lining of the uterus is discarded through the process of menstruation. This shedding of the uterine lining is what causes menstrual bleeding. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because they do not describe the physiological response of the body when pregnancy does not occur. The corpus luteum shrinking and the subsequent shedding of the uterine lining are part of the menstrual cycle, not processes related to cell duplication, zygote multiplication, or the duration of the germinal period.

4. What is one strength of the cross-sectional design?

A. It provides evidence about individual trends.
B. It cannot be threatened by cohort effects.
C. It is not plagued with dropout or practice effects.
D. It permits longitudinal comparisons. Answer: C Page Ref: 34 Skill Level: Understand Topic: Studying Development Difficulty Level: Moderate

Correct answer: C

Rationale: One strength of the cross-sectional design is that it is not plagued with dropout or practice effects. This is because cross-sectional studies assess different individuals at the same point in time, eliminating the risk of participants dropping out or improving due to repeated measures.

5. According to Erikson, the major personality attainment of adolescence is __________.

A. trust
B. identity
C. autonomy
D. intimacy

Correct answer: B

Rationale: According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, the major personality attainment of adolescence is identity. During adolescence, individuals go through a stage called 'Identity vs. Role Confusion,' where they explore different roles and develop a sense of self. Trust (choice A) is associated with the first stage of Erikson's theory, autonomy (choice C) is linked to the toddler stage, and intimacy (choice D) is a key aspect of the young adulthood stage.