Nursing Elites

1. What is an infection that causes inflammation in the air sacs of one or both lungs, which may fill with fluid or pus?

• A. Pneumonia
• B. Tuberculosis
• C. Pleurisy
• D. Pulmonary edema

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A, Pneumonia. Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs, which may fill with fluid or pus, causing symptoms like cough, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing. Tuberculosis (B) is a bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs but is caused by a different bacterium. Pleurisy (C) is inflammation of the tissues that line the lungs and chest cavity, not the air sacs. Pulmonary edema (D) is a condition where fluid accumulates in the lungs' air sacs but is often due to heart problems rather than an infection.

2. This medication type is used to relax and widen blood vessels, improving blood flow and reducing blood pressure.

• A. Vasodilator
• B. Anticoagulant
• C. Diuretic
• D. Beta-blocker

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Vasodilator. Vasodilators are medications that work by relaxing and widening blood vessels, which improves blood flow and reduces blood pressure. They are commonly used in the treatment of heart conditions. Anticoagulants (choice B) are medications that prevent blood clot formation, diuretics (choice C) increase urine production to reduce fluid retention, and beta-blockers (choice D) reduce heart rate and workload on the heart. These mechanisms differ from the action of vasodilators.

3. Which of the following is a chronic lung disease that includes conditions such as chronic bronchitis and emphysema, characterized by obstructed airflow from the lungs?

• A. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
• B. Pulmonary fibrosis
• C. Asthma
• D. Pneumonia

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). COPD is a chronic lung disease that encompasses conditions like chronic bronchitis and emphysema. These conditions lead to obstructed airflow from the lungs, causing symptoms such as cough, shortness of breath, and wheezing. Choice B, Pulmonary fibrosis, involves scarring of the lung tissue, leading to breathing difficulties but is not specifically characterized by obstructed airflow like COPD. Asthma (Choice C) is a chronic condition characterized by airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction, not always resulting in obstructed airflow. Pneumonia (Choice D) is an acute infection of the lung tissue, causing symptoms like fever, cough, and difficulty breathing, but is not a chronic condition like COPD.

4. Identify the three layers of the heart:

• A. Endocardium, Myocardium, Epicardium
• B. Epicardium, Pericardium, Endocardium
• C. Myocardium, Endocardium, Pericardium
• D. Pericardium, Myocardium, Endocardium

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Endocardium, Myocardium, Epicardium. The heart consists of three main layers: the endocardium, which lines the inner chambers of the heart; the myocardium, the middle layer responsible for the heart's pumping action; and the epicardium, the outermost layer that protects the heart. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not list the heart's layers in the correct order or combination.

5. For what reason might the nurse be given an order to administer milrinone (Primacor)?

• A. For congestive heart failure
• B. For hypertension
• C. For cardiac arrhythmias
• D. For bradycardia

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Milrinone is commonly prescribed for congestive heart failure to help improve cardiac function and alleviate symptoms. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as milrinone is not typically used for hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, or bradycardia. It is specifically indicated for congestive heart failure for short-term management.

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