Nursing Elites

1. What is a chronic condition where the bronchial tubes in the lungs become inflamed and narrowed, often caused by smoking?

• A. Chronic bronchitis
• B. Emphysema
• C. Asthma
• D. Tuberculosis

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Chronic bronchitis is the correct answer because it is a long-term condition characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the bronchial tubes in the lungs, commonly triggered by smoking. Emphysema involves damage to the air sacs in the lungs, not specifically the bronchial tubes. Asthma is a condition of reversible airway obstruction usually due to allergies or other triggers, not solely smoking. Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs but is not directly related to inflammation and narrowing of the bronchial tubes.

2. Which of the following is a central vasoconstrictor and peripheral vasodilator?

• A. Parasympathetic nervous system
• B. Sympathetic nervous system
• C. Dopamine
• D. Epinephrine

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, Epinephrine. Epinephrine acts as a central vasoconstrictor and peripheral vasodilator. It increases heart rate and blood flow to muscles, helping to prepare the body for a 'fight or flight' response. Parasympathetic nervous system (choice A) does not cause vasoconstriction but rather vasodilation. The sympathetic nervous system (choice B) is primarily responsible for the fight or flight response, causing vasoconstriction. Dopamine (choice C) primarily acts as a neurotransmitter and hormone, not directly causing central vasoconstriction and peripheral vasodilation.

3. What test measures the electrical activity of the heart to detect arrhythmias and other heart conditions?

• A. Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
• B. Chest X-ray
• C. Stress test
• D. Arterial blood gas (ABG)

Correct answer: A

Rationale: An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is used to measure the heart's electrical activity, aiding in the detection of arrhythmias and other heart conditions. Choice B, a chest X-ray, is not used to measure electrical activity but to visualize the structures of the chest. Choice C, a stress test, evaluates the heart's response to exertion and is not primarily focused on measuring electrical activity. Choice D, an arterial blood gas (ABG) test, is used to assess oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood, not the heart's electrical activity.

4. The client is on amiodarone. What is the most important side effect to monitor for?

• A. Pulmonary toxicity
• B. Thyroid dysfunction
• C. Liver toxicity
• D. Renal dysfunction

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Pulmonary toxicity. Amiodarone is known for causing serious pulmonary toxicity, which can be fatal. Monitoring for pulmonary toxicity is crucial due to its potential severity. Choice B, thyroid dysfunction, is a common side effect of amiodarone but is not as immediately life-threatening as pulmonary toxicity. Choices C and D, liver toxicity and renal dysfunction, are potential side effects of amiodarone but are not as critical or as common as pulmonary toxicity, making them less important to monitor initially.

5. What are the pressure-sensitive structures located in the aortic and carotid bodies called?

• A. Baroreceptors
• B. Chemoreceptors
• C. Nociceptors
• D. Mechanoreceptors

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Baroreceptors are the correct answer. Baroreceptors are specialized sensory receptors that detect changes in pressure within blood vessels. They are primarily located in the aortic arch and carotid sinuses, where they play a crucial role in regulating blood pressure. Chemoreceptors (Choice B) are receptors that detect chemical changes, not pressure changes. Nociceptors (Choice C) are responsible for detecting painful stimuli. Mechanoreceptors (Choice D) respond to mechanical stimuli such as touch, pressure, and vibration, but they are not specifically located in the aortic and carotid bodies.

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