Nursing Elites

1. The Hawthorne effect explains that the relationship between people and productivity is enhanced by which of the following?

• A. Special attention
• B. Organizations
• C. Creativity
• D. Groups

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The Hawthorne effect is a term used to describe how people modify their behavior in response to the attention they are receiving rather than the manipulation of variables. Special attention, as mentioned in choice A, is the correct answer because when individuals feel that they are being closely monitored or that special interest is being taken in them, they tend to perform better or change their behavior. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because the Hawthorne effect specifically focuses on the impact of attention and not on organizational structures, creativity, or group dynamics.

2. Which of the following is a challenge the profession of nursing faced?

• A. Nursing contributing to the stigma of AIDS in the 1980s out of fear.
• B. Nursing practice flourishing in field hospitals during the Korean War with abundant supplies and equipment.
• C. Many nurses feeling frustrated with the lack of independent functioning after the Vietnam War.
• D. A decline in the number of hospice nurses due to ethical dilemmas.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C. After the Vietnam War, many nurses felt frustrated with the lack of independent functioning when they returned home. This challenge was faced by the profession of nursing as nurses who functioned independently in mobile hospital units during the war found themselves restricted in their practice upon returning. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because they do not address the specific challenge of lack of independent functioning faced by nurses after the Vietnam War.

3. If the nurse and nurse manager did not resolve the situation related to the physician's report about the nurse's performance, what is the length of time allowed for the nurse to submit an appeal?

• A. 10 days
• B. 15 days
• C. 20 days
• D. 30 days

Correct answer: A

Rationale: If the informal discussion between the nurse and nurse manager does not resolve the issue regarding the physician's report on the nurse's performance, the nurse can submit a written appeal within 10 days, according to the healthcare facility policy. This 10-day timeframe ensures a prompt resolution of disputes and maintains clear communication channels within the healthcare setting. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they exceed the time limit allowed for the nurse to submit an appeal, which is specified to be 10 days.

4. A nurse recognizes which of the following as a primary goal of nursing?

• A. Assist patients to achieve a peaceful death.
• B. Improve personal knowledge and skills to enhance patient outcomes.
• C. Advocate for quality of life rather than quantity of life.
• D. Work to control costs to enhance patients' quality of life.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The primary goal of nursing is to promote health, prevent illness, alleviate suffering, and care for the sick. Assisting patients to achieve a peaceful death is an essential aspect of nursing care, ensuring dignity and comfort in the end-of-life phase. While improving personal knowledge and advocating for quality of life are important aspects of nursing, the primary goal remains the well-being and comfort of patients, even in death. Working to control costs, while a consideration in healthcare, is not the primary goal of nursing, which is centered on patient care and well-being.

5. Which of the following should be included in a discussion of advance directives with new nurse graduates?

• A. According to the Patient Self-Determination Act, nurses are required to inform clients of their right to create an advance directive.
• B. The advance directive designates an individual who will make financial decisions for the client if he or she is unable to do so.
• C. A living will designates who will make health-care decisions for an individual in the event the individual is unable or incompetent to make his or her own decisions.
• D. The advance directive designates a health-care surrogate who will make known the client’s wishes regarding medical treatment if the client is unable to do so.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: According to the Patient Self-Determination Act, nurses are required to inform clients of their right to create an advance directive.

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