Nursing Elites

1. Successful professional nurses benefit from working with mentors. What mutually rewarding outcomes are realized in mentoring relationships? (EXCEPT)

• A. Instilling a sense of accomplishing a meaningful effort
• B. Assuming each other's characteristics
• C. Fostering an interdependent relationship
• D. Promoting self-esteem

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Professional nurses who seek mentoring relationships work with their mentors to gain objective feedback, guidance, and confidence. A mentoring relationship is critical when making job decisions, establishing goals, discussing professional judgment, considering ethical issues, and in determining challenges for growth. Choice B, "Assuming each other's characteristics," is incorrect because mentoring is about learning, guidance, and support to develop one's own professional identity, not about assuming someone else's characteristics. Choices A, C, and D are all beneficial outcomes of mentoring relationships, including instilling a sense of accomplishment, fostering interdependence, and promoting self-esteem, respectively.

2. As the definition of nursing evolved, which of the following nurse theorists focused on the uniqueness of nursing?

• A. Florence Nightingale
• B. Virginia Henderson
• C. Martha Rogers
• D. Abraham Maslow

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Virginia Henderson�s definition of nursing focused on its uniqueness.

3. Which of the following are managerial functions, according to Mintzberg? (EXCEPT)

• A. Leading and linking at the people level
• B. Communicating and controlling at the information level
• C. Deciding pay structures
• D. Doing at the action level

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C. Mintzberg believed that managing involves communicating and controlling at the information level, leading and linking at the people level, and doing at the action level. Choice A is correct as it aligns with Mintzberg's concept of leading and linking at the people level. Choice B is correct as it aligns with Mintzberg's concept of communicating and controlling at the information level. Choice D is correct as it aligns with Mintzberg's concept of doing at the action level. Choice C, deciding pay structures, is not a managerial function according to Mintzberg's model, making it the exception.

4. Which of the following is a common characteristic of a high reliability organization (HRO)?

• A. Flexibility
• B. Reluctance to simplify
• C. Preoccupation with failure
• D. Deference to expertise

Correct answer: C

Rationale: A common characteristic of a high reliability organization (HRO) is a preoccupation with failure. HROs focus on identifying and addressing potential failure points to prevent errors and maintain high levels of safety and reliability. This mindset helps them anticipate and mitigate risks proactively, leading to better outcomes and performance. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect. While flexibility, reluctance to simplify, and deference to expertise may be important in various contexts, they are not the primary defining characteristics of a high reliability organization. The core focus of HROs is on continuously monitoring for potential failures and working to prevent them.

5. Which of the following is an example of a conflict of interest in nursing?

• A. A nurse accepting gifts from a patient
• B. A nurse working for two competing healthcare organizations
• C. A nurse disclosing patient information without consent
• D. A nurse delegating tasks improperly

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. A nurse working for two competing healthcare organizations represents a conflict of interest as it may affect impartiality. Choice A is incorrect as accepting gifts from a patient may be a violation of ethical standards, but it is not a conflict of interest. Choice C is incorrect as disclosing patient information without consent is a breach of confidentiality, not a conflict of interest. Choice D is incorrect as delegating tasks improperly relates to professional competence, not a conflict of interest.

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