Nursing Elites

1. What procedure is performed prior to a blood transfusion to detect incompatibilities?

• A. Grouping and crossmatching
• B. Complete blood count
• C. D-dimer test
• D. Blood clotting test

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Grouping and crossmatching is the procedure performed prior to a blood transfusion to determine the blood type and identify any potential incompatibilities between the donor and recipient. This process involves testing the recipient's blood for ABO and Rh antigens and crossmatching it with the donor's blood to ensure compatibility and prevent adverse reactions during the transfusion. Complete blood count, D-dimer test, and blood clotting test are other laboratory tests that serve different purposes and are not specifically done to detect incompatibilities prior to blood transfusion.

2. In a community with competencies, what characteristic demonstrates their ability effectively?

• A. Identify their needs, achieve consensus, and plan and implement goals
• B. Delegate community processes to an outside expert
• C. Conduct their own cross-sectional epidemiological studies
• D. Predict morbidity and mortality rates

Correct answer: A

Rationale: A community with competencies can identify its needs, achieve consensus, and effectively plan and implement goals. This showcases their self-sufficiency and collaborative problem-solving skills, enabling them to address community issues efficiently.

3. What action would be most effective for addressing environmental health issues in a community?

• A. Educating the community about safe disposal of hazardous waste
• B. Conducting air and water quality assessments
• C. Advocating for policies to reduce pollution
• D. Implementing community clean-up programs

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Implementing community clean-up programs is the most effective action to address environmental health issues in a community. By organizing clean-up initiatives, pollution can be reduced, and living conditions can be improved. This hands-on approach directly tackles the environmental hazards present in the community, making it a proactive and impactful solution.

4. Which of the following is an indication for tracheostomy?

• A. Drainage of pleural effusion
• B. Hemorrhage
• C. Infections
• D. Acute respiratory failure

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Tracheostomy is a surgical procedure where an incision is made in the windpipe to help with breathing. Acute respiratory failure, which can occur due to various reasons such as upper airway obstruction, is a common indication for tracheostomy. While drainage of pleural effusion, hemorrhage, and infections may require medical intervention, they are not direct indications for a tracheostomy like acute respiratory failure.

5. Fee-for-service care is best characterized by which statement:

• A. Fees are scaled based on the patient’s ability to pay and are capped.
• B. Fees reflect the fair market value of health care services being provided.
• C. Adequate fee schedules enable hospitals and clinics to function properly.
• D. Fees are not uniform throughout most states as they are fairly unregulated.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Fee-for-service care is a payment model where providers are paid for each service performed, leading to non-uniform fees that vary by service and provider. This system is not highly regulated, resulting in differing fee structures across states and regions. Therefore, the statement that 'Fees are not uniform throughout most states as they are fairly unregulated' best characterizes fee-for-service care.

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