Nursing Elites

1. Fraternal twins are ____________.

• A. genetically identical
• B. no more alike than ordinary siblings
• C. less common than other types of multiple offspring
• D. less likely with each additional birth

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. Fraternal twins are no more alike than ordinary siblings because they share about 50% of their genes, just like other siblings. Choice A is incorrect as fraternal twins are not genetically identical. Choice C is incorrect as fraternal twins are actually the most common type of multiple offspring. Choice D is incorrect as the likelihood of fraternal twins is not affected by the number of births a mother has had.

2. New evidence suggests that __________.

• A. there is very little cultural diversity in human development
• B. environmental, but not personal, contexts shape development
• C. development occurs in a neat, orderly sequence of stages unaffected by distinct contexts
• D. people not only are affected by but also contribute to the contexts in which they develop Answer: D Page Ref: 6 Skill Level: Understand Topic: Basic Issues Difficulty Level: Difficult

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because the statement aligns with the concept of reciprocal influences in human development. The new evidence suggests that individuals are not only influenced by the contexts in which they develop but also contribute to shaping those contexts. This idea highlights the dynamic and interactive nature of human development, emphasizing the bidirectional relationship between individuals and their environments.

3. The force of blood flowing through the __________ keeps it firm.

• A. amnion
• B. umbilical cord
• C. yolk sac
• D. embryonic disk

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The force of blood flowing through the umbilical cord keeps it firm. The umbilical cord is the connection between the placenta and the fetus, providing essential nutrients and oxygen to the developing baby. Blood flow through the umbilical cord helps maintain its structure and function throughout the prenatal period. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they do not play a role in providing nutrients and oxygen to the developing baby or in maintaining its firmness.

4. Who is generally regarded as the founder of the child study movement?

• A. Arnold Gesell was among the first to write child-rearing books for parents
• B. Arnold Gesell is generally regarded as the founder of the child study movement
• C. Arnold Gesell foreshadowed lifespan research by writing a book on aging
• D. Arnold Gesell constructed the first successful intelligence test

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Arnold Gesell is generally regarded as the founder of the child study movement, emphasizing the importance of observing and documenting children's behaviors to understand their development. While he was a significant figure in child development research, he did not specifically write child-rearing books for parents, foreshadow lifespan research, or construct the first successful intelligence test. Choice A is incorrect as Gesell's focus was more on research rather than writing child-rearing books. Choice C is incorrect as Gesell's main contributions were in child development, not specifically in aging research. Choice D is incorrect as Gesell is not credited with constructing the first successful intelligence test.

5. Critics worry that fetal monitoring __________.

• A. numbs the entire lower half of the body, making it difficult to feel contractions
• B. is not helpful in detecting hidden problems with the baby
• C. identifies babies as in danger who, in fact, are not
• D. increases the likelihood of infant brain damage

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Critics worry that fetal monitoring may identify babies as in danger who, in fact, are not. This can lead to unnecessary interventions and stress for the parents. It is important to carefully consider the accuracy and benefits of fetal monitoring to avoid unnecessary harm to both the mother and the baby. Choice A is incorrect because fetal monitoring does not cause numbness in the lower half of the body. Choice B is incorrect as fetal monitoring is helpful in detecting hidden problems with the baby. Choice D is incorrect as there is no direct link between fetal monitoring and an increased likelihood of infant brain damage.

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