Nursing Elites

1. Fraternal twins are ____________.

• A. genetically identical
• B. no more alike than ordinary siblings
• C. less common than other types of multiple offspring
• D. less likely with each additional birth

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. Fraternal twins are no more alike than ordinary siblings because they share about 50% of their genes, just like other siblings. Choice A is incorrect as fraternal twins are not genetically identical. Choice C is incorrect as fraternal twins are actually the most common type of multiple offspring. Choice D is incorrect as the likelihood of fraternal twins is not affected by the number of births a mother has had.

2. During her labor, Renee asks for a mild dose of painkillers to help her relax. Renee will probably be given __________.

• A. an anesthetic
• B. an analgesic
• C. folic acid
• D. an anti-inflammatory medication Answer: B Page Ref: 97 Skill Level: Apply and any dangers associated with each. Topic: Medical Interventions Difficulty Level: Moderate

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Renee will likely be given an analgesic during her labor to help manage her pain and provide relaxation. Analgesics are painkillers that can help reduce pain without causing loss of consciousness, making them suitable for labor pain management. Examples of analgesics commonly used during labor include opioids like morphine and non-opioids like acetaminophen.

3. When Baby Ian is held horizontally on his back, he sometimes makes an “embracing” motion by arching his back, extending his legs, throwing his arms outward, and then bringing his arms in toward his body. Ian is demonstrating the __________.

• A. palmar grasp
• B. Moro reflex
• C. tonic neck reflex
• D. Babinski reflex

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Baby Ian is demonstrating the Moro reflex. The Moro reflex is a normal newborn reflex that occurs when a baby feels like they are falling or losing support. It is characterized by arching the back, extending the legs, throwing the arms outward, and then bringing the arms in toward the body. This reflex is a primitive survival instinct that typically disappears around 6 months of age. Choice A, palmar grasp, involves the baby's fingers closing around an object when it touches their palm. Choice C, tonic neck reflex, involves the baby assuming a fencing position when their head is turned to one side. Choice D, Babinski reflex, is characterized by the fanning out and curling of the baby's toes when the sole of the foot is stroked.

4. Adolescent children of mothers who were home-visited as part of the Nurse-Family Partnership __________ than comparison-group agemates.

• A. scored lower in impulsivity and overactivity
• B. had lower academic achievement scores
• C. showed more aggressive behavior
• D. reported less alcohol and drug use

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Adolescent children of mothers who were home-visited as part of the Nurse-Family Partnership reported less alcohol and drug use compared to their comparison-group agemates. This indicates that the program may have a positive impact in reducing risky behaviors among adolescents whose mothers received home visits. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because the extract specifically mentions that the children reported less alcohol and drug use, and there is no mention of impulsivity, overactivity, academic achievement scores, or aggressive behavior in this context.

5. Which statement about the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is true?

• A. About 30 percent of all new HIV infections affect women.
• B. In South Africa, 30 percent of all pregnant women are HIV-positive.
• C. About 30 percent of new HIV infections occur in developing countries.
• D. Untreated HIV-infected mothers pass the virus to the fetus 30 percent of the time.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: 'In South Africa, 30 percent of all pregnant women are HIV-positive.' This statement is true as South Africa has a high prevalence of HIV among pregnant women, emphasizing the need for interventions to prevent mother-to-child transmission. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect. Choice A is inaccurate as women account for more than 50% of new HIV infections globally. Choice C is misleading as the majority of new HIV infections actually occur in sub-Saharan Africa, not just developing countries. Choice D is also incorrect as without treatment, the risk of mother-to-child transmission is higher than 30%.

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