Nursing Elites

1. An occurrence of too high a concentration of which of the following electrolytes is associated with cardiac arrhythmias?

• A. chloride
• B. phosphorus
• C. potassium
• D. sodium

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is potassium. High levels of potassium in the blood, known as hyperkalemia, can lead to cardiac arrhythmias by affecting the electrical activity of the heart. This can disrupt the normal rhythm of the heart and lead to serious complications. Chloride, phosphorus, and sodium imbalances are not typically associated with cardiac arrhythmias, making them incorrect choices.

2. Are kidneys part of the lymphatic system?

• A. TRUE
• B. FALSE
• C. Not Sure
• D. None of the above

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is False. Kidneys are not part of the lymphatic system; they are part of the urinary system. The lymphatic system is a network of tissues and organs that help rid the body of toxins, waste, and other unwanted materials. Therefore, choices A, C, and D are incorrect because kidneys are not associated with the lymphatic system.

3. Which part of the nephron is closest to the collecting duct?

• A. Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
• B. Bowman's Capsule
• C. Afferent Arteriole
• D. Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is the Distal convoluted tubule (DCT). The DCT is the part of the nephron closest to the collecting duct, where the final adjustments to electrolyte and fluid balance are made. Bowman's Capsule is located at the beginning of the nephron, where filtration of blood occurs. The Afferent Arteriole brings blood to the glomerulus for filtration. The Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) is situated after the Bowman's Capsule and is not the part closest to the collecting duct.

4. Positive feedback mechanisms usually result in

• A. changes returning values away from a set point.
• B. stable conditions around a set point.
• C. unstable conditions.
• D. long-term changes.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Positive feedback mechanisms usually result in unstable conditions. In a positive feedback loop, the output enhances or amplifies the changes that are occurring, leading to a deviation from the initial set point. Therefore, positive feedback does not bring values back towards the set point (Choice A). Choice B is incorrect because positive feedback does not promote stability around a set point. Choice D is also incorrect as positive feedback mechanisms typically do not lead to long-term changes; instead, they intensify the initial change, causing instability.

5. Is oxygen the primary raw material for new living material?

• A. TRUE
• B. FALSE
• C. Not Sure
• D. None of the above

Correct answer: B

Rationale: While oxygen is essential for many living organisms, it is not the primary raw material for new living material. The primary raw materials for new living material are carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur, collectively known as CHNOPS elements. These elements are the building blocks of biological molecules and are essential for life. Therefore, the correct answer is False. Choices C and D are incorrect because the primary raw materials for new living material are well-established in biology.

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