ATI RN
WGU Pathophysiology Final Exam
1. A patient with an 18 pack per year history presents to a family practice clinic complaining of painless hoarseness and inability to clear mucus. A biopsy of respiratory tract cells is taken and shows that these cells have been replaced by less mature squamous epithelium cells. The nurse knows this type of change is referred to as:
- A. Dysplasia
- B. Metaplasia
- C. Hyperplasia
- D. Coagulation
Correct answer: B
Rationale: Metaplasia is the replacement of one type of cell with another, which can occur in response to chronic irritation, such as from smoking. In this case, the respiratory tract cells being replaced by less mature squamous epithelium cells indicate metaplasia. Dysplasia refers to abnormal development or growth of cells, not replacement; hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells, not a replacement; and coagulation is a process related to blood clotting, not cell replacement.
2. A client is post-operative day 1 and reports a sudden increase in blood-tinged liquid draining from his incision after feeling a popping sensation. What is the nurse’s next action?
- A. Send the client back to surgery
- B. Assess the wound for signs of dehiscence
- C. Call the provider immediately
- D. Prepare to culture the wound
Correct answer: Assess the wound for signs of dehiscence
Rationale:
3. A nurse is assessing a client following a head injury and a brief loss of consciousness. Which of the following findings should the nurse report to the provider?
- A. Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 12
- B. Edematous bruise on the forehead
- C. Small drops of clear fluid in the left ear
- D. Pupils are 4 mm and reactive to light
Correct answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C. Clear fluid draining from the ear may indicate a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak, which is a serious complication following a head injury. Reporting this finding is crucial as it may require immediate medical intervention to prevent further complications. Choices A, B, and D are not as concerning as a CSF leak. A GCS score of 12 is relatively high, indicating a mild level of consciousness alteration. An edematous bruise on the forehead is a common physical finding after a head injury. Pupils that are 4 mm and reactive to light suggest normal pupillary function.
4. The nurse is observing the way a patient walks. What aspect is the nurse assessing?
- A. Body alignment
- B. Gait
- C. Activity tolerance
- D. Range of motion
Correct answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Gait. Gait refers to the manner in which a person walks, including aspects such as stride length, step width, and walking speed. When a nurse observes a patient's gait, they are assessing their mobility and looking for any abnormalities or issues in their walking pattern. Choice A, body alignment, focuses more on the posture and position of the body rather than the actual walking pattern. Choice C, activity tolerance, relates to the ability to withstand physical activity without experiencing excessive fatigue. Choice D, range of motion, pertains to the extent of movement at a joint and is not directly related to observing the way a patient walks.
5. What teaching should be provided to a patient after cataract surgery?
- A. Avoid NSAIDs
- B. Avoid bright lights
- C. Wear dark glasses while outdoors
- D. Use warm compresses
Correct answer: A
Rationale: The correct teaching to provide to a patient after cataract surgery is to avoid NSAIDs. NSAIDs should be avoided to reduce the risk of bleeding post-surgery. Choices B, C, and D are not directly related to post-cataract surgery care. Avoiding bright lights and wearing dark glasses while outdoors may be beneficial for eye comfort but are not specific postoperative instructions. Using warm compresses is also not a standard teaching after cataract surgery.
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