a nurse is caring for a client who is having a subclavian central venous catheter inserted the client begins to report chest pain and difficulty breat

ATI RN

ATI Fluid Electrolyte and Acid-Base Regulation

1. A nurse is caring for a client who is having a subclavian central venous catheter inserted. The client begins to report chest pain and difficulty breathing. After administering oxygen, which action should the nurse take next?

A. Administer a sublingual nitroglycerin tablet
B. Prepare to assist with chest tube insertion.
C. . Place a sterile dressing over the IV site
D. Re-position the client into the Trendelenburg position.

Correct answer: B

Rationale:

2. Under normal circumstances, the kidneys provide the greatest means of water loss. Which organ provides the second greatest means of water loss?

A. Skin
B. Lungs
C. Intestines
D. Muscles

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Skin. After the kidneys, the skin is the second largest route of water loss through perspiration. Choice B, Lungs, is incorrect as the lungs primarily exchange gases and do not play a significant role in water loss. Choice C, Intestines, is also incorrect as water loss through the intestines is minimal since most water is reabsorbed during digestion. Choice D, Muscles, is incorrect as muscles are not a major source of water loss in the body.

3. The chief mechanism for maintaining fluid balance is to:

A. adjust fluid intake so it equals fluid output.
B. adjust fluid intake so it is slightly above fluid output.
C. adjust fluid output so it equals fluid input.
D. adjust fluid intake so it is slightly below fluid output.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: 'adjust fluid output so it equals fluid input.' Maintaining fluid balance involves ensuring that the amount of fluid lost through processes like urination, sweating, and respiration equals the amount of fluid taken in. This ensures that the body stays properly hydrated. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because they do not focus on the balance between fluid input and output, which is crucial for maintaining proper fluid balance. By adjusting fluid output to equal fluid input, the body can regulate hydration levels effectively, preventing dehydration or overhydration.

4. Which negative ion is most abundant in blood plasma?

A. Bicarbonate
B. Chloride
C. Hydroxide
D. Phosphate

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Chloride (Cl-) is the most abundant anion in blood plasma. It plays a crucial role in maintaining osmotic balance and acid-base homeostasis. Bicarbonate (Choice A) is important for buffering acids in the body but is not the most abundant negative ion in blood plasma. Hydroxide (Choice C) is not typically found in high concentrations in blood plasma. Phosphate (Choice D) is an important anion in the body but is not as abundant as chloride in blood plasma.