Nursing Elites

1. __________ may heighten the effects of a high-fat diet.

• A. Sex hormones
• B. Over-the-counter medications
• C. Free radicals
• D. Low body weight

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Free radicals may contribute to oxidative stress, increasing the risk of conditions associated with a high-fat diet. When consuming a high-fat diet, the body may produce more free radicals, leading to oxidative damage. Sex hormones, over-the-counter medications, and low body weight do not directly heighten the effects of a high-fat diet like free radicals do.

2. What increases from early to middle adulthood?

• A. Possible selves
• B. Self-doubt
• C. Destructiveness
• D. Autonomy

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Possible selves are ideas about what one might become in the future, which increase during the transition from early to middle adulthood. This period is characterized by individuals exploring and considering different potential future selves. Self-doubt (choice B) typically decreases as individuals become more confident and self-assured in middle adulthood. Destructiveness (choice C) is not a common developmental trend during this period. Autonomy (choice D) is a concept related to independence and self-governance, which may develop over a person's lifespan but does not specifically increase during the transition from early to middle adulthood.

3. Ecological systems theory views the person as __________.

• A. a blossoming flower whose development is a genetically determined series of events that unfold automatically
• B. developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment
• C. a social being influenced primarily by observational learning or adult modeling
• D. a computer-like system that actively codes, transforms, and organizes information

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Ecological systems theory views the person as developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment. This perspective emphasizes the interconnectedness of individuals with their social and physical environment, recognizing that development is influenced by various factors interacting at different levels of the ecological system. Choice A is incorrect because it describes a genetically determined development process, which is not the focus of ecological systems theory. Choice C is incorrect because it highlights observational learning as the primary influence on development, neglecting the broader environmental factors. Choice D is incorrect as it compares the person to a computer system, which does not align with the principles of ecological systems theory.

4. In an experimental study examining whether the way angry encounters end affects children's emotional reactions, the dependent variable would be the __________.

• A. way the angry encounters end
• B. amount of unresolved anger
• C. frequency of angry encounters
• D. children's emotional reactions

Correct answer: D

Rationale: In an experimental study examining whether the way angry encounters end affects children's emotional reactions, the dependent variable would be the children's emotional reactions. The dependent variable is the outcome being measured or tested in an experiment. In this study, the researchers are trying to understand how the way angry encounters end influences children's emotions. Therefore, the emotional reactions of the children would be the dependent variable that is being studied and measured in relation to the way angry encounters end. Choices A, B, and C are not the dependent variable in this scenario. While they may be related factors, the main focus of the study is on how the way angry encounters end impacts children's emotional reactions, making children's emotional reactions the dependent variable.

5. To avoid exposure to toxoplasmosis, Kaye should ask other family members to __________.

• A. stop smoking
• B. pick up after the dog
• C. change the litter box
• D. feed the fish

Correct answer: C

Rationale: To avoid exposure to toxoplasmosis, Kaye should ask other family members to change the litter box. Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic infection that can be transmitted through cat feces, so it is important for pregnant women to avoid handling cat litter to reduce the risk of infection. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because they are not directly related to preventing toxoplasmosis. Smoking cessation is important for overall health but not specifically to prevent toxoplasmosis. Picking up after the dog and feeding the fish are not relevant to preventing toxoplasmosis, as the infection is primarily associated with cat feces.

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