Nursing Elites

1. __________ may heighten the effects of a high-fat diet.

• A. Sex hormones
• B. Over-the-counter medications
• C. Free radicals
• D. Low body weight

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Free radicals may contribute to oxidative stress, increasing the risk of conditions associated with a high-fat diet. When consuming a high-fat diet, the body may produce more free radicals, leading to oxidative damage. Sex hormones, over-the-counter medications, and low body weight do not directly heighten the effects of a high-fat diet like free radicals do.

2. As school-age children move into adolescence, self-concept is increasingly vested in feedback from __________.

• A. close friends
• B. family members
• C. younger children
• D. the inner self

Correct answer: A

Rationale: During adolescence, individuals start to rely more on feedback from close friends to develop their self-concept. Close friends play a significant role during this transitional period as they provide peer validation, support, and influence. Family members, although important, may not hold the same level of influence on self-concept during adolescence as close friends do. Younger children are unlikely to provide the necessary feedback and validation needed during this developmental stage. While self-reflection and understanding the inner self are vital for personal growth, during adolescence, external feedback from close friends tends to have a more pronounced impact on shaping self-concept.

3. During Irina's first week of pregnancy, __________.

• A. heart muscles begin to develop
• B. the zygote multiplies and forms a blastocyst
• C. a primitive brain and spinal cord appear
• D. the embryo can move

Correct answer: B

Rationale: During the first week of pregnancy, the zygote (fertilized egg) undergoes rapid cell divisions and forms a blastocyst. This is a crucial stage where the cells differentiate and specialize, setting the foundation for the development of the embryo. It is during this time that the zygote implants itself into the uterine wall, initiating the process of pregnancy. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because during the first week of pregnancy, the focus is on the initial development and multiplication of the zygote, not on the development of heart muscles, a primitive brain and spinal cord, or the embryo's ability to move.

4. A baby born between the seventh and eighth months of pregnancy __________.

• A. is just as healthy as a full-term baby
• B. usually needs oxygen assistance to breathe
• C. only has about a 10 percent survival rate
• D. is considered small-for-date

Correct answer: B

Rationale: A baby born between the seventh and eighth months of pregnancy is considered premature. Premature babies are born before they are fully developed and may need assistance with breathing, including oxygen. They are at a higher risk for complications compared to full-term babies. Choice A is incorrect because premature babies are at a higher risk for health issues compared to full-term babies. Choice C is incorrect as modern medical advancements have significantly increased the survival rate of premature babies. Choice D is incorrect as being small-for-date does not solely depend on the gestational age at birth.

5. Increasingly, researchers __________.

• A. assume that development stops at adolescence
• B. view old age as a period of decline
• C. view heredity as more influential than the environment
• D. see development as a perpetually ongoing process Answer: D Page Ref: 7 Skill Level: Understand Topic: The Lifespan Perspective: A Balanced Point of View Difficulty Level: Moderate Copyright © 2018 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 4 Test Bank for Berk, Development Through the Lifespan, 7e

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Increasingly, researchers see development as a perpetually ongoing process. This perspective emphasizes that development continues throughout the lifespan, rather than stopping at a particular age like adolescence. Researchers now focus on understanding how individuals change and grow over time, recognizing that development is a lifelong journey influenced by both biological and environmental factors.

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