Nursing Elites

1. Who is generally regarded as the founder of the child study movement?

• A. Charles Darwin
• B. G. Stanley Hall
• C. Alfred Binet
• D. Sigmund Freud

Correct answer: B

Rationale: G. Stanley Hall is generally regarded as the founder of the child study movement. He established the first American research laboratory dedicated to child psychology and education, helping to pioneer the scientific study of child development. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they were not primarily associated with founding the child study movement. Charles Darwin is known for his contributions to the theory of evolution, Alfred Binet is famous for developing the first intelligence test, and Sigmund Freud is renowned for his work in psychoanalysis.

2. In a structured observation, each participant has an equal opportunity to display the behavior of interest because the researcher designs a specific set of conditions or tasks for all participants to engage in, providing a standardized environment for observation.

• A. clinical interview
• B. naturalistic observation
• C. structured observation
• D. case study

Correct answer: C

Rationale: In a structured observation, each participant has an equal opportunity to display the behavior of interest because the researcher designs a specific set of conditions or tasks for all participants to engage in, providing a standardized environment for observation. This allows for fair and equitable observations across all participants, ensuring that each individual has the same opportunities to exhibit the behavior being studied. Choice A, clinical interview, typically involves a one-on-one interaction between a researcher and a participant focusing on collecting information through questions and answers, not providing equal opportunities for behavior display. Choice B, naturalistic observation, involves observing individuals in their natural environment without intervention or manipulation of conditions, which may not always ensure equal opportunities for behavior display. Choice D, case study, focuses on in-depth analysis of a single individual or a small group, providing detailed information but not necessarily ensuring equal opportunities for behavior display among participants.

3. During the period of the embryo, the __________ becomes the __________.

• A. mesoderm; nervous system, lungs, internal organs, and skin
• B. chorion; endocrine system, muscles, placenta, and skeleton
• C. ectoderm; circulatory system, skin, skeleton, and internal organs
• D. endoderm; digestive system, lungs, urinary tract, and glands Answer: D Page Ref: 78 Skill Level: Remember Topic: Prenatal Development Difficulty Level: Moderate

Correct answer: D

Rationale: During the period of the embryo, the endoderm becomes the digestive system, lungs, urinary tract, and glands. The endoderm is one of the primary germ layers that give rise to various internal organs in the developing embryo. It plays a crucial role in the formation of organs such as the digestive system, respiratory system, and glandular structures.

4. The more a mental ability depends on __________ intelligence, the earlier it starts to decline.

• A. fluid
• B. crystallized
• C. emotional
• D. cultural

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: fluid. Fluid intelligence, which involves problem-solving and reasoning, tends to decline earlier than crystallized intelligence. Crystallized intelligence, on the other hand, involves knowledge and skills acquired over time and is more stable with age. Emotional intelligence and cultural intelligence are not directly related to the decline of mental abilities mentioned in the question, making them incorrect choices.

5. The negative outcome of Erikson's midlife stage, stagnation, focuses on __________.

• A. role confusion
• B. selflessness
• C. self-indulgence
• D. guilt and shame

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: 'self-indulgence'. Stagnation in Erikson's midlife stage refers to a lack of growth and self-indulgence, leading to a feeling of unproductiveness. This contrasts with 'role confusion' (A), which is associated with Erikson's adolescence stage, 'selflessness' (B) which is a positive trait, and 'guilt and shame' (D) which are emotions typically associated with earlier stages of development.

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