Nursing Elites

1. Who is generally regarded as the founder of the child study movement?

• A. Charles Darwin
• B. G. Stanley Hall
• C. Alfred Binet
• D. Sigmund Freud

Correct answer: B

Rationale: G. Stanley Hall is generally regarded as the founder of the child study movement. He established the first American research laboratory dedicated to child psychology and education, helping to pioneer the scientific study of child development. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they were not primarily associated with founding the child study movement. Charles Darwin is known for his contributions to the theory of evolution, Alfred Binet is famous for developing the first intelligence test, and Sigmund Freud is renowned for his work in psychoanalysis.

2. Which state of arousal is considered the most fleeting?

• A. Regular sleep
• B. REM sleep
• C. Drowsiness
• D. Quiet alertness

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Quiet alertness is indeed the most fleeting state of arousal. This state is characterized by a newborn infant being awake, calm, and attentive, but it is short-lived and transitions quickly to other states of arousal. Regular sleep, REM sleep, and drowsiness are not considered as brief and transitional as quiet alertness in newborn infants.

3. Why do young infants usually cry?

• A. because they are bored
• B. in shrill, piercing tones
• C. because of physical needs
• D. all night long

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Young infants usually cry because of physical needs such as hunger, discomfort, or needing to be changed. It is their way of communicating these needs to their caregivers as they are unable to do so in any other way. Choice A is incorrect because infants cry primarily to communicate physical needs, not because they are bored. Choice B is incorrect because the tone of the cry is not the reason why infants cry. Choice D is incorrect because infants cry for various physical needs, not necessarily all night long.

4. In his research study, Dr. Johnson gives participants false feedback about their performance. Consequently, Dr. Johnson should use __________ after the research session is over. Copyright © 2018 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 37 Test Bank for Berk, Development Through the Lifespan, 7e

• A. informed consent
• B. a privacy statement
• C. debriefing
• D. a placebo Answer: C Page Ref: 39 Skill Level: Apply Topic: Ethics in Lifespan Research Difficulty Level: Moderate

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Dr. Johnson should use debriefing after the research session is over because giving participants false feedback may have affected them psychologically. Debriefing involves explaining the true nature of the study, including any deception that occurred, to the participants in order to protect their well-being and address any lingering concerns or misconceptions they may have. It is an important ethical practice in research to ensure participants are fully informed about the study they were involved in.

5. What is one limitation of the ethnographic method?

• A. Investigators' cultural values sometimes lead them to misinterpret what they see.
• B. It provides little information on how children and adults actually behave.
• C. It relies on unobtrusive techniques, such as surveillance cameras and one-way mirrors.
• D. It provides little information about the reasoning behind participants' responses.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The limitation of the ethnographic method is that investigators' cultural values sometimes lead them to misinterpret what they see. This can introduce bias into the observations and potentially impact the accuracy of the findings. It is important for researchers to be aware of their own biases and strive to minimize their influence when conducting ethnographic studies. Choice B is incorrect because ethnographic methods actually aim to provide rich information on how individuals behave within their cultural contexts. Choice C is incorrect as ethnographic methods typically involve direct observation and participation rather than unobtrusive techniques like surveillance cameras. Choice D is incorrect because one of the strengths of ethnographic research is its ability to uncover the reasoning behind participants' responses by immersing the researcher in the cultural setting.

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