Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following conditions can cause a hiatal hernia?

• A. Increased intrathoracic pressure
• B. Weakness of the esophageal muscle
• C. Increased esophageal muscle pressure
• D. Weakness of the diaphragmic muscle

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Weakness of the diaphragmic muscle can lead to a hiatal hernia as it allows part of the stomach to push through the diaphragm into the chest cavity.

2. The nurse is planning to teach the client with gastroesophageal reflux disease about substances that will increase the lower esophageal sphincter pressure. Which of the following items would the nurse include on this list?

• A. Fatty foods
• B. Nonfat milk
• C. Chocolate
• D. Coffee

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Foods that increase the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure will decrease reflux, and lessen the symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The food substance that will increase the LES pressure is nonfat milk. The other substances listed decrease the LES pressure, thus increasing reflux symptoms. Aggravating substances include chocolate, coffee, fatty foods and alcohol.

3. Which of the following tests is most commonly used to diagnose cholecystitis?

• A. Abdominal CT scan
• B. Abdominal ultrasound
• C. Barium swallow
• D. Endoscopy

Correct answer: B

Rationale: An abdominal ultrasound is the most commonly used test to diagnose cholecystitis.

4. Which of the following treatments is used for rectal cancer but not for colon cancer?

• A. Chemotherapy
• B. Colonoscopy
• C. Radiation
• D. Surgical resection

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Radiation therapy is commonly used for rectal cancer to shrink the tumor before surgery, which is not typically done for colon cancer.

5. Which of the following substances is most likely to cause gastritis?

• A. Milk
• B. Bicarbonate of soda or baking soda
• C. Enteric-coated aspirin
• D. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). NSAIDs are known to cause gastritis by irritating the stomach lining. Choice A, Milk, is unlikely to cause gastritis and is actually a common remedy for mild gastritis symptoms. Choice B, Bicarbonate of soda or baking soda, is often used to relieve heartburn and indigestion, not cause gastritis. Choice C, Enteric-coated aspirin, is less likely to cause gastritis compared to NSAIDs because the enteric coating helps protect the stomach lining from irritation.

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