ATI RN
ATI Nursing Care of Children 2019 B
1. What signs or symptoms are most commonly associated with the prodromal phase of acute viral hepatitis?
- A. Bruising and lethargy
- B. Anorexia and malaise
- C. Fatigability and jaundice
- D. Dark urine and pale stools
Correct answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Anorexia and malaise. The prodromal phase of acute viral hepatitis is characterized by nonspecific symptoms such as anorexia (loss of appetite) and malaise (general feeling of discomfort). These symptoms typically precede the more specific signs of jaundice, dark urine, and pale stools that manifest in the icteric phase. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because bruising and lethargy, fatigability and jaundice, and dark urine and pale stools are typically seen in later stages of acute viral hepatitis, not in the prodromal phase.
2. Patients with gallbladder disease should reduce their intake of:
- A. Protein
- B. Sodium
- C. Cholesterol
- D. Fat
Correct answer: D
Rationale: Patients with gallbladder disease should reduce their intake of fat because high-fat foods can trigger gallbladder symptoms such as pain and indigestion. While proteins, sodium, and cholesterol may also need to be moderated for overall health, reducing fat intake is particularly crucial for managing gallbladder issues.
3. If the needs of the infant are met in a loving, consistent manner, the infant will develop a sense of:
- A. Trust
- B. Love
- C. Independence
- D. Responsibility
Correct answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Trust. According to Erikson's psychosocial development theory, when infants receive consistent and loving care, they develop trust. This trust forms the basis of the first stage of psychosocial development, known as Trust vs. Mistrust. Trust is essential for healthy social and emotional development. Choice B, Love, is incorrect as it is more of an emotion than a developmental stage. Choice C, Independence, typically occurs later in development during Erikson's Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt stage. Choice D, Responsibility, is also not the correct answer as it relates more to later stages of development where individuals develop a sense of duty and obligation.
4. Which of the following drugs has a therapeutic effect that increases cardiac output and slows heart rate?
- A. Heparin
- B. Alprazolam
- C. Digoxin
- D. Levothyroxine
Correct answer: C
Rationale: Digoxin is the correct answer. It is a medication known for its positive inotropic effects, which increase cardiac output, and negative chronotropic effects, which slow the heart rate. These effects are achieved by inhibiting the sodium-potassium ATPase pump in myocardial cells. Therefore, Digoxin is commonly prescribed to manage conditions like heart failure and atrial fibrillation, where enhancing cardiac output and reducing heart rate are beneficial. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because Heparin is an anticoagulant, Alprazolam is a benzodiazepine used for anxiety disorders, and Levothyroxine is a thyroid hormone replacement drug, none of which have the specified therapeutic effects on cardiac function.
5. While providing an Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, the patient asks what the action of the drug is. As a healthcare provider, you explain that the action of an ACE inhibitor is:
- A. To lower blood pressure by blocking the conversion of angiotensin I to vasoconstrictor angiotensin II
- B. To inhibit reabsorption of sodium back into the body, ultimately increasing urine output and lowering blood pressure
- C. To decrease heart rate and blood pressure by competing with Beta1 and Beta2 receptors in the heart and lungs
- D. To lower blood glucose by stimulating the release of insulin
Correct answer: A
Rationale: ACE inhibitors lower blood pressure by blocking the conversion of angiotensin I to vasoconstrictor angiotensin II. Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor, and by inhibiting its formation, ACE inhibitors help dilate blood vessels, reduce blood pressure, and decrease the workload on the heart. Choice B is incorrect as it describes the mechanism of action of diuretics, not ACE inhibitors. Choice C is incorrect as it refers to the action of beta-blockers, not ACE inhibitors. Choice D is incorrect as it describes the mechanism of action of antidiabetic medications, not ACE inhibitors.
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