Nursing Elites

1. What is the accumulation of fatty deposits along the walls of arteries, leading to reduced blood flow?

• A. Atherosclerosis
• B. Arteriosclerosis
• C. Aneurysm
• D. Thrombosis

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Atherosclerosis is the correct answer. It refers to the buildup of fatty deposits (plaque) along the inner walls of arteries, narrowing the blood vessels and reducing blood flow. This condition can lead to serious complications such as heart attacks or strokes. Arteriosclerosis (choice B) is a broader term that refers to the thickening and hardening of the arterial walls. While related, it is not as specific as atherosclerosis in describing the fatty deposit accumulation. Aneurysm (choice C) is the abnormal bulging of an artery wall that can rupture and cause internal bleeding, not specifically related to fatty deposits. Thrombosis (choice D) is the formation of a blood clot within a blood vessel, which can obstruct blood flow, but it is not directly related to the accumulation of fatty deposits.

2. What is the approximate stroke volume of the heart?

• A. Approximately 60 mL of blood per beat
• B. Approximately 70 mL of blood per beat
• C. Approximately 80 mL of blood per beat
• D. Approximately 90 mL of blood per beat

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Approximately 70 mL of blood per beat. The stroke volume of the heart is typically around 70 mL, indicating the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each contraction. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they do not represent the standard approximate stroke volume of the heart, which is around 70 mL per beat.

3. What is a genetic disorder that affects the lungs and digestive system, leading to thick, sticky mucus that can clog the airways?

• A. Cystic fibrosis
• B. COPD
• C. Bronchiectasis
• D. Pulmonary fibrosis

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A, cystic fibrosis. Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder that primarily affects the lungs and digestive system. It leads to the production of thick, sticky mucus that can clog the airways, causing respiratory issues. Choice B, COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease), is a different condition usually caused by smoking or exposure to irritants. Choice C, bronchiectasis, involves the widening and scarring of the airways, not the production of thick mucus. Choice D, pulmonary fibrosis, is a lung disease characterized by scarring of the lung tissue, not excessive mucus production.

4. Which condition refers to the heart being unable to pump sufficient blood to meet the body's needs?

• A. Heart failure
• B. Myocardial infarction
• C. Cardiomyopathy
• D. Pericarditis

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A, heart failure. This condition occurs when the heart can't pump enough blood to fulfill the body's requirements. Myocardial infarction (choice B) is the medical term for a heart attack, which is caused by a blockage in the coronary arteries. Cardiomyopathy (choice C) is a disease of the heart muscle that makes it harder for the heart to pump blood. Pericarditis (choice D) is the inflammation of the pericardium, the thin sac-like membrane surrounding the heart, and does not specifically involve the heart's inability to pump sufficient blood.

5. What is the condition where the pericardium, the sac surrounding the heart, becomes inflamed, leading to chest pain and other symptoms?

• A. Pericarditis
• B. Myocarditis
• C. Endocarditis
• D. Pulmonary hypertension

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Pericarditis is the correct answer. It is the inflammation of the pericardium, the sac surrounding the heart, which can lead to chest pain and other symptoms. Myocarditis (choice B) is inflammation of the heart muscle, not the pericardium. Endocarditis (choice C) is inflammation of the inner lining of the heart chambers and valves, not the pericardium. Pulmonary hypertension (choice D) is high blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs, not related to pericardial inflammation.

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