ATI RN
ATI Gastrointestinal System
1. The nurse instructs the nursing assistant on how to provide oral hygiene for a client who cannot perform this task for himself. Which of the following techniques should the nurse tell the assistant to incorporate into the client’s daily care?
- A. Assess the oral cavity each time mouth care is given and record observations
- B. Use a soft toothbrush to brush the client’s teeth after each meal
- C. Swab the client’s tongue, gums, and lips with a soft foam applicator every 2 hours.
- D. Rinse the client’s mouth with mouthwash several times a day.
Correct answer: C
Rationale: Swabbing the client’s tongue, gums, and lips with a soft foam applicator every 2 hours helps maintain oral hygiene for a client who cannot perform this task.
2. After discussing alternatives to dressing change procedures to minimize discomfort, the nursing staff accepted a new procedure. This is an example of which stage of Havelock's model of change?
- A. Moving
- B. Self-renewal
- C. Refreezing
- D. Unfreezing
Correct answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Moving. In the moving stage of Havelock's model of change, the focus is on selecting a solution or alternative. In this scenario, the nursing staff accepting a new procedure after discussing alternatives aligns with the moving stage, where the decision to adopt a change is made. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect. Self-renewal refers to personal growth, refreezing involves stabilizing the change, and unfreezing is related to preparing for change, none of which directly correspond to the situation described in the question.
3. Name 4 of the 12 discussed groups at risk for nutritional deficiencies.
- A. Elderly
- B. Low income
- C. Vegans
- D. Chronic disease, alcoholics
Correct answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Elderly. The other choices provided, low income, vegans, and chronic disease, alcoholics, are also at risk for nutritional deficiencies but the question specifically asks for 4 groups out of the 12 discussed. The 12 groups at risk for nutritional deficiencies include the elderly, low income individuals, vegans, chronic disease, alcoholics, smokers, periods of growth, individuals with medical conditions, physical stress, physiological stress, those on polypharmacy, and those with inadequate intake. The question focuses on identifying 4 out of these 12 groups, making 'Elderly' the correct choice.
4. Dr. Singh believes that a basic psychosocial conflict, which is resolved along a continuum from positive to negative, determines healthy or maladaptive outcomes at each stage of development. Dr. Singh's beliefs are aligned with those of which theorist?
- A. G. Stanley Hall
- B. Sigmund Freud
- C. Erik Erikson
- D. B. F. Skinner
Correct answer: C
Rationale: Dr. Singh's beliefs align with Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory of development. Erikson proposed that individuals go through a series of psychosocial stages, with each stage characterized by a basic conflict that must be resolved to achieve healthy development. This conflict is resolved along a continuum from positive to negative outcomes. Choice A, G. Stanley Hall, is incorrect as his work focused on adolescence and evolutionary psychology. Choice B, Sigmund Freud, is incorrect as his psychoanalytic theory is more focused on the unconscious mind and psychosexual stages. Choice D, B. F. Skinner, is incorrect as he is associated with behaviorism and operant conditioning, which is different from Erikson's psychosocial theory.
5. Manifestations of Cushing syndrome include:
- A. truncal obesity with thin extremities.
- B. enlargement of face, hands, and feet.
- C. cachexia.
- D. thick scalp hair.
Correct answer: A
Rationale: The correct manifestation of Cushing syndrome is truncal obesity with thin extremities. This occurs due to the redistribution of fat to the face, neck, and abdomen, while the arms and legs remain thin. Choice B, enlargement of face, hands, and feet, is more indicative of acromegaly. Choice C, cachexia, refers to extreme weight loss and muscle wasting, which is typically not seen in Cushing syndrome. Choice D, thick scalp hair, is not a typical manifestation of Cushing syndrome.
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