like longitudinal research cross sectional studies can be threatened by
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Human Growth and Development Final Exam Answers

1. Like longitudinal research, cross-sectional studies can be threatened by __________.

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Cross-sectional studies can be threatened by cohort effects because different age groups may have experienced different historical or social contexts, influencing the results. This disparity can lead to invalid comparisons between age groups, confounding the study's findings. Option A, practice effects, refer to changes in participants' behavior due to repeated testing, not a specific threat to cross-sectional studies. Participant dropout (Option B) is a threat related to attrition in longitudinal studies, not cross-sectional studies. Sequential timing (Option C) does not pose a threat to cross-sectional studies; instead, it refers to the order of tasks in a study design.

2. Women who __________ tend to reach menopause earlier.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: 'have not borne children.' Women who have not borne children may experience menopause earlier due to lower levels of certain reproductive hormones. Having two or more children (choice A) is not typically associated with reaching menopause earlier. Smoking (choice B) is known to have negative effects on menopause but does not necessarily cause it to happen earlier. Borne twins (choice D) is a specific scenario and not a general factor influencing the timing of menopause.

3. Max, age 65, learned to play the piano at a local senior center. Max demonstrates that __________.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Max, age 65, learning to play the piano at a local senior center demonstrates that development is plastic at all ages. This means that individuals have the potential to learn and grow regardless of their age, showing that it is never too late to acquire new skills and experiences. Choice A is incorrect because it presents a negative view of aging, which is not supported by Max's actions. Choice B is incorrect as it implies that learning is restricted to certain age periods, which is contradicted by Max's experience. Choice D is incorrect because Max's learning of the piano at 65 suggests that musical talent can be developed at any age, not necessarily peaking in late adulthood.

4. According to Erikson, the major personality attainment of adolescence is __________.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, the major personality attainment of adolescence is identity. During adolescence, individuals go through a stage called 'Identity vs. Role Confusion,' where they explore different roles and develop a sense of self. Trust (choice A) is associated with the first stage of Erikson's theory, autonomy (choice C) is linked to the toddler stage, and intimacy (choice D) is a key aspect of the young adulthood stage.

5. Before the late 1800s, childbirth usually took place __________.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Before the late 1800s, childbirth usually took place at home and was a family-centered event. During this period, most women gave birth at home with the help of family members and possibly a midwife. Hospitals were not common settings for childbirth at that time. Choice B is incorrect because childbirth was not typically done away from family members. Choice C is incorrect because hospitals were not the common setting for childbirth before the late 1800s. Choice D is incorrect because giving birth in the home of a medical professional or a hospital was not the norm during that period.

Similar Questions

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