Nursing Elites

1. Although technology has seen many advances, which two ethical principles may be in conflict because of technology?

• A. Beneficence and justice
• B. Beneficence and nonmaleficence
• C. Beneficence and veracity
• D. Beneficence and confidentiality

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Beneficence and nonmaleficence. Beneficence refers to the obligation to do good and act in the best interest of the patient, while nonmaleficence means to 'do no harm.' With advances in technology, there can be situations where the pursuit of benefit (beneficence) may inadvertently cause harm (nonmaleficence), leading to a conflict between these two ethical principles. Choice A, beneficence and justice, is incorrect because justice pertains to fairness and equality in the distribution of resources and treatments, not conflicting directly with beneficence. Choice C, beneficence and veracity, involves the obligation to tell the truth and is not in direct conflict with beneficence. Choice D, beneficence and confidentiality, relate to maintaining privacy and trust, which can complement rather than conflict with beneficence in most cases.

2. Which of the following are considered part of the operating expenses within health care organizations? (EXCEPT)

• A. Maintenance costs
• B. Rental fees
• C. Renovation costs
• D. Supplies

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Operating expenses in health care organizations typically include costs like maintenance, rental fees, and supplies as they are necessary for the day-to-day operations. Renovation costs, on the other hand, are considered capital expenses as they involve significant improvements to facilities rather than routine operational expenses. Therefore, the correct answer is C. Choices A, B, and D are part of operating expenses in health care organizations because they directly contribute to the ongoing operational needs.

3. A nurse manager wants to implement a new policy on the unit. What is the first step in the change process according to Lewin's Change Theory?

• A. Unfreeze the system
• B. Move the system to a new level
• C. Refreeze the system
• D. Evaluate the system

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: 'Unfreeze the system.' According to Lewin's Change Theory, unfreezing the system is the initial step in the change process. This step involves preparing the organization for change by creating awareness of the need for change, addressing any resistance, and establishing a sense of urgency. Choice B, 'Move the system to a new level,' is incorrect as it does not align with the first step of unfreezing. Choice C, 'Refreeze the system,' is incorrect as it pertains to the final stage of solidifying the change, not the first step. Choice D, 'Evaluate the system,' is incorrect as evaluation typically occurs after the change has been implemented, not at the beginning of the change process.

4. A nurse is preparing to apply a dressing for a client who has a stage 2 pressure injury. Which of the following types of dressing should the nurse use?

• A. Hydrocolloid
• B. Transparent
• C. Gauze
• D. Alginate

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Hydrocolloid. For a stage 2 pressure injury, a hydrocolloid dressing is recommended. Hydrocolloid dressings provide a moist environment that promotes healing and is effective for wounds with moderate exudate. Choice B (Transparent) is not typically used for stage 2 pressure injuries as it is more suitable for superficial wounds. Choice C (Gauze) is not ideal for stage 2 pressure injuries as it can adhere to the wound bed and cause trauma upon removal. Choice D (Alginate) is more appropriate for wounds with heavy exudate, not typically seen in stage 2 pressure injuries.

5. What is the main focus of a clinical governance framework?

• A. Financial performance
• B. Regulatory compliance
• C. Patient care quality
• D. Staff satisfaction

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The main focus of a clinical governance framework is patient care quality. This framework is designed to ensure that patient care is safe, effective, and patient-centered. Choice A, financial performance, is not the main focus of a clinical governance framework, although financial aspects may be considered. Choice B, regulatory compliance, is important but not the primary focus of a clinical governance framework. Choice D, staff satisfaction, is also important but is not the main focus of a clinical governance framework, which primarily centers around patient care quality.

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