Nursing Elites

1. A home health nurse knows that a 70-year-old male client who is convalescing at home following a hip replacement is at risk for developing decubitus ulcers. Which physical characteristic of aging contributes to such a risk?

• A. 16% increase in overall body fat.
• B. Reduced melanin production.
• C. Thinning of the skin with loss of elasticity.
• D. Calcium loss in the bones.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Thinning of the skin with loss of elasticity is the physical characteristic of aging that contributes to an increased risk of developing decubitus ulcers. As individuals age, the skin becomes thinner and loses its elasticity, making it more susceptible to damage from pressure, leading to the formation of pressure ulcers. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect as they do not directly contribute to the development of decubitus ulcers in this context.

2. The RN is planning care at a team meeting for a 2-month-old child in bilateral leg casts for congenital clubfoot. Which of these suggestions by the PN should be considered the priority nursing goal following cast application?

• A. Infant will experience minimal pain
• B. Muscle spasms will be relieved
• C. Mobility will be managed as tolerated
• D. Tissue perfusion will be maintained

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Following cast application for congenital clubfoot in a 2-month-old child, the priority nursing goal should be to maintain tissue perfusion. This is crucial to prevent complications like compartment syndrome and ensure proper healing. While managing pain, relieving muscle spasms, and promoting mobility are important aspects of care, they are secondary to ensuring adequate tissue perfusion in this scenario.

3. In 1996, there were 15 cases of Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) in Barangay B, while Barangay C had 20 cases. The total number of children who have ARI is:

• A. higher in Barangay C than in Barangay B
• B. not comparable in Barangay B and C
• C. higher in Barangay B than in Barangay C
• D. data given is insufficient

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: 'higher in Barangay C than in Barangay B.' This is because Barangay C had more cases of ARI (20) compared to Barangay B (15). Therefore, the total number of children who have ARI is higher in Barangay C. Choices B and C are incorrect because the data clearly shows that Barangay C had more cases than Barangay B. Choice D is also incorrect as there is sufficient data provided to compare the number of ARI cases between the two barangays.

4. The term 'epidemiology' is best defined as the study of:

• A. The causes of disease
• B. The distribution and determinants of health-related states in populations
• C. The treatment and prevention of disease
• D. The healthcare system and its effectiveness

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states in populations. Choice A is incorrect because epidemiology focuses on more than just causes but also on distribution and determinants. Choice C is incorrect as it specifically relates to public health and not just treatment and prevention. Choice D is incorrect as epidemiology is broader than just focusing on the healthcare system and its effectiveness.

5. You assisted the midwife in formulating the objectives of the plan of care for Barangay Mabulaklak. Which of the following is a well-stated objective?

• A. to reduce the number of children with ascariasis by the end of two years
• B. to protect the water sources from pollution
• C. to conduct health teachings on proper nutrition
• D. to reduce the number of underweight children by 10%

Correct answer: D

Rationale: A specific, measurable objective like reducing the number of underweight children by 10% is well-stated. This objective is clear, quantifiable, and time-bound, making it easier to track progress and evaluate the effectiveness of the plan. Choices A, B, and C are not as well-stated as they lack specificity, measurability, and a quantifiable target.

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