HESI LPN
Pharmacology HESI 2023
1. The client is being instructed on the correct technique for using... what to provide the client?
- A. Angle the tip of the inhaler upwards while spraying
- B. Hold one nostril closed while spraying the other nostril
- C. Avoid shaking the inhaler immediately before using
- D. Use the inhaler when first awakening in the morning
Correct answer: B
Rationale: The correct technique for using an inhaler for allergic rhinitis involves holding one nostril closed while spraying the other nostril to ensure proper delivery of the medication. This technique helps direct the medication into the nasal passages for optimal effectiveness. Choice A is incorrect as it refers to an incorrect technique for inhaler use. Choice C is incorrect as shaking the inhaler is often necessary to ensure proper mixing of the medication. Choice D is incorrect as the timing of inhaler use is typically based on individual preferences or healthcare provider recommendations, not specifically tied to the morning.
2. What is the most common cause of seizures in children?
- A. An abrupt rise in body temperature
- B. An inflammatory process in the brain
- C. A temperature greater than 102°F
- D. A life-threatening infection
Correct answer: C
Rationale: Seizures in children most often result from a temperature greater than 102°F, known as febrile seizures. Febrile seizures are commonly triggered by a rapid increase in body temperature due to infections or other causes. Choice A is incorrect as febrile seizures are not necessarily caused by the abrupt rise in body temperature alone. Choice B is incorrect as inflammatory processes in the brain may lead to other types of seizures but are not the most common cause in children. Choice D is incorrect as not all seizures in children are due to life-threatening infections.
3. What maternal factor should the nurse identify as having the greatest impact on the development of spina bifida occulta in a newborn?
- A. Short interval between pregnancies
- B. Folic acid deficiency
- C. Preeclampsia
- D. Tobacco use
Correct answer: B
Rationale: Folic acid deficiency during pregnancy is a well-known risk factor for neural tube defects, including spina bifida occulta, making supplementation critical in prenatal care. Folic acid plays a crucial role in neural tube formation during early pregnancy. Short intervals between pregnancies do not directly impact the development of spina bifida occulta. Preeclampsia is a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy and is not directly linked to spina bifida occulta. While tobacco use during pregnancy has various adverse effects, it is not the primary factor influencing the development of spina bifida occulta in newborns.
4. The nurse is teaching a client with hypertension about lifestyle modifications. Which recommendation is most effective for lowering blood pressure?
- A. Increase intake of red meat
- B. Engage in regular physical activity
- C. Consume a high-sodium diet
- D. Limit fluid intake to 1 liter per day
Correct answer: B
Rationale: Engaging in regular physical activity is a highly effective recommendation for lowering blood pressure and improving overall cardiovascular health. Regular exercise helps to strengthen the heart, improve blood circulation, and manage weight, all of which contribute to reducing blood pressure levels. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect. Increasing intake of red meat can lead to higher saturated fat consumption, which is detrimental to heart health. Consuming a high-sodium diet can exacerbate hypertension by increasing blood pressure. Limiting fluid intake to 1 liter per day may lead to dehydration and is not a recommended approach for managing hypertension.
5. Which nursing intervention provides the most support to the parents of an infant with an obvious physical anomaly?
- A. Encourage them to express their concerns.
- B. Discourage them from talking about their baby.
- C. Assure them not to worry because the anomaly can be repaired.
- D. Show them postoperative photographs of infants who had a similar anomaly.
Correct answer: A
Rationale: Encouraging parents to express their concerns is the most supportive intervention as it allows them to process their emotions and provides an opportunity for the nurse to offer appropriate support and information. This choice focuses on validating the parents' feelings and creating an open communication channel. Choices B and C are incorrect as they can hinder the parents' emotional processing and may provide false reassurance. Choice D, showing postoperative photographs, may not be appropriate at this stage as it might not address the parents' current emotional needs and could induce anxiety or unrealistic expectations.