Nursing Elites

1. The parents of a child with sickle cell anemia ask why their child experiences pain. What is the most likely cause?

• A. Inflammation of the vessels
• B. Obstructed blood flow
• C. Overhydration
• D. Stress-related headaches

Correct answer: B

Rationale: In sickle cell anemia, pain is primarily caused by the obstruction of blood flow by sickle-shaped cells. This obstruction leads to inadequate oxygen supply to tissues, resulting in tissue damage and pain. Choice A, inflammation of the vessels, is incorrect as it is not the primary cause of pain in sickle cell anemia. Choice C, overhydration, is unrelated to the pathophysiology of sickle cell anemia and would not lead to the characteristic pain experienced. Choice D, stress-related headaches, is also unrelated to the underlying mechanisms of pain in sickle cell anemia.

2. What is a common symptom of congenital heart disease in infants?

• A. Excessive weight gain
• B. Difficulty breathing
• C. High blood pressure
• D. Increased appetite

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Difficulty breathing is a common symptom of congenital heart disease in infants. Infants with congenital heart disease may experience difficulty breathing due to impaired cardiac function, which affects the heart's ability to pump blood effectively. This symptom is often due to issues like heart failure or fluid accumulation in the lungs. Excessive weight gain (Choice A) is not typically associated with congenital heart disease in infants. High blood pressure (Choice C) is less common in infants with congenital heart disease compared to adults. Increased appetite (Choice D) is not a typical symptom of congenital heart disease in infants.

3. What is an important dietary consideration for a child with cystic fibrosis?

• A. High-calorie, high-fat diet
• B. Low-sugar diet
• C. Increased dietary fiber
• D. High-sodium diet

Correct answer: A

Rationale: For a child with cystic fibrosis, an important dietary consideration is a high-calorie, high-fat diet. This type of diet helps address malabsorption issues commonly seen in individuals with cystic fibrosis and supports adequate growth and development. High-calorie, high-fat foods are recommended to help meet the increased energy needs of these individuals. Choices B, C, and D are not the most appropriate dietary considerations for a child with cystic fibrosis. A low-sugar diet may not provide enough calories for optimal growth, increased dietary fiber may exacerbate issues related to malabsorption, and a high-sodium diet is generally not recommended due to the risk of dehydration and electrolyte imbalances in individuals with cystic fibrosis.

4. Which of the following is a common complication of an untreated inguinal hernia in children?

• A. Gastroenteritis
• B. Strangulation of the hernia
• C. Chronic cough
• D. Epistaxis

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Strangulation of the hernia. Untreated inguinal hernias in children can lead to strangulation, which can result in bowel obstruction and ischemia. This is a serious complication that requires prompt medical attention. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect. Gastroenteritis is a gastrointestinal infection that is not directly related to untreated inguinal hernias. Chronic cough is not typically associated with this condition. Epistaxis refers to nosebleeds, which are not a common complication of untreated inguinal hernias in children.

5. Which medication is typically used for long-term control of asthma?

• A. Albuterol
• B. Theophylline
• C. Ipratropium
• D. Prednisone

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B, Theophylline. Theophylline is commonly used for long-term control of asthma by relaxing the muscles around the airways to keep them open, making breathing easier. Albuterol (choice A) is a short-acting bronchodilator for quick relief of asthma symptoms, not for long-term control. Ipratropium (choice C) is another short-acting bronchodilator that helps open the airways but is not typically used for long-term control. Prednisone (choice D) is a corticosteroid usually used for short periods to control asthma exacerbations or flare-ups, not as a long-term control medication.

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