select the stage of shock that is accurately paired with its characteristic

HESI LPN

Leadership and Management HESI Test Bank

1. Select the stage of shock that is accurately paired with its characteristic.

A. The initial stage of shock: Hyperventilation occurs and the blood pH rises.
B. The compensatory stage of shock: Hypoxia occurs and lactic acid rises.
C. The progressive stage of shock: Histamine is released; fluid and proteins leak into surrounding tissues and the blood thickens.
D. The refractory stage of shock: Potassium ions leak out; sodium ions build up, and metabolic acidosis increases.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The progressive stage of shock is accurately described as the stage where histamine is released, leading to fluid and proteins leaking into surrounding tissues and the blood thickening. In this stage, the body's compensatory mechanisms are overwhelmed, resulting in a cascade of events that worsen the shock state. Choice A is incorrect as hyperventilation and a rise in blood pH are more characteristic of the compensatory stage. Choice B is incorrect as hypoxia and a rise in lactic acid are more typical of the progressive stage. Choice D is incorrect as the described electrolyte imbalances and metabolic acidosis are more aligned with the refractory stage of shock.

2. What are the six levels of consciousness from the most to the least responsive level of consciousness? Number all six using 1 as the most conscious and 6 as the least conscious.

A. Obtunded, Confused, Lethargic, Comatose, Stuporous, Alert
B. Confused, Lethargic, Obtunded, Stuporous, Comatose, Alert
C. Lethargic, Obtunded, Confused, Stuporous, Comatose, Alert
D. Alert, Confused, Lethargic, Obtunded, Stuporous, Comatose

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct order of the six levels of consciousness from most to least responsive is Alert, Confused, Lethargic, Obtunded, Stuporous, Comatose. Choice A is incorrect because it starts with Obtunded, which is less responsive than Alert. Choice B is incorrect as it doesn't follow the correct order. Choice C is incorrect as Lethargic is more responsive than Obtunded. Therefore, the correct answer is D.

3. During which stage of anesthesia is a patient most likely to experience involuntary motor activity?

A. Stage I
B. Stage II
C. Stage III
D. Stage VI

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is Stage II. During Stage II of anesthesia, a patient is most likely to experience involuntary motor activity. This stage is known as the excitement stage, where the patient may exhibit purposeful or involuntary movements. Choice A (Stage I) is incorrect because Stage I is the induction phase where the patient is transitioning from consciousness to unconsciousness, and involuntary motor activity is less likely to occur. Choice C (Stage III) is incorrect as it is the stage of surgical anesthesia characterized by muscle relaxation, and involuntary motor activity is less common during this stage. Choice D (Stage VI) is incorrect as there is no Stage VI in the standard stages of anesthesia. Therefore, the most appropriate stage where involuntary motor activity is likely to occur is Stage II.

4. What is the purpose of a healthcare audit?

A. To increase paperwork
B. To assess and improve quality of care
C. To reduce patient satisfaction
D. To limit healthcare services

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: 'To assess and improve quality of care.' Healthcare audits are conducted to evaluate the quality and efficiency of healthcare services provided. Choice A, 'To increase paperwork,' is incorrect as audits aim to streamline processes and reduce unnecessary paperwork. Choice C, 'To reduce patient satisfaction,' is incorrect as audits are meant to identify areas for improvement to enhance patient satisfaction. Choice D, 'To limit healthcare services,' is also incorrect as audits help in optimizing healthcare services rather than limiting them.

5. Why is patient confidentiality significant in healthcare?

A. Sharing patient information freely
B. Protecting patient privacy
C. Ignoring patient consent
D. Limiting patient access to their own records

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Patient confidentiality is significant in healthcare because it involves protecting patient privacy. Maintaining confidentiality ensures that patients feel safe and secure when sharing sensitive information with healthcare providers. Choice A is incorrect because sharing patient information freely would violate confidentiality. Choice C is incorrect because ignoring patient consent goes against ethical principles. Choice D is incorrect because limiting patient access to their own records does not relate directly to the concept of patient confidentiality.