Nursing Elites

1. How much energy is required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water by 1°C?

• A. 10 calories
• B. 100 calories
• C. 1 kilocalorie
• D. 10 kilocalories

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is 1 kilocalorie. This is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water by 1°C. Choice A (10 calories) and Choice D (10 kilocalories) are incorrect as they do not represent the correct unit of measurement for this specific scenario. Choice B (100 calories) is also incorrect as it overestimates the amount of energy required. The specific heat capacity of water is approximately 1 calorie/gram °C, which means that 1 kilogram (1000 grams) of water requires 1 kilocalorie (1000 calories) to raise its temperature by 1°C.

2. How should the healthcare provider respond to a parent concerned about a child's short stature?

• A. Suggest the parent consult a nutritionist
• B. Recommend frequent growth hormone injections
• C. Advise monitoring for a few years before intervention
• D. Refer for a genetic evaluation

Correct answer: C

Rationale: When a parent expresses concern about a child's short stature, the initial approach should involve advising monitoring for a few years before considering any interventions. This allows for observation of the child's growth pattern and any potential underlying issues. Suggesting a nutritionist (Choice A) may not be necessary if there are no signs of nutritional deficiencies. Recommending growth hormone injections (Choice B) is premature without proper evaluation and diagnosis. Referring for a genetic evaluation (Choice D) can be considered later if monitoring shows atypical growth patterns or other concerning factors.

3. Which of the following is an example of a macronutrient?

• A. Vitamin C
• B. Iron
• C. Calcium
• D. Fiber

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Fiber. Macronutrients are nutrients required by the body in larger amounts, and they include carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Fiber is a type of carbohydrate that falls under this category. Vitamin C (choice A) is a water-soluble vitamin, Iron (choice B) is a mineral, and Calcium (choice C) is also a mineral, not a macronutrient. Therefore, Fiber is the only macronutrient listed in the choices.

4. What is an important consideration when administering medications to a child with hepatic dysfunction?

• A. Increased dosing intervals
• B. Adjustments in dosage due to altered metabolism
• C. Avoid all medications
• D. Use only topical medications

Correct answer: B

Rationale: When administering medications to a child with hepatic dysfunction, it is crucial to make adjustments in dosage due to altered metabolism. Hepatic dysfunction can affect the way medications are metabolized in the body, potentially leading to drug toxicity or reduced effectiveness. This is why adjusting the dosage is essential to ensure the medication is both safe and efficient. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because increasing dosing intervals, avoiding all medications, or using only topical medications do not address the specific issue of altered drug metabolism in hepatic dysfunction.

5. Why is randomization important in a scientific experiment?

• A. To minimize the impact of confounding variables.
• B. To eliminate bias in the assignment of subjects to groups.
• C. To contribute to the accuracy and validity of the experiment's results.
• D. To prevent systematic differences between groups.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Randomization is crucial in a scientific experiment to eliminate bias in the assignment of subjects to groups. By randomly assigning subjects, it helps ensure that any differences observed in the outcomes are due to the experimental treatment and not to preexisting differences between groups. Choice A is incorrect because randomization does not guarantee representativeness but rather minimizes the impact of confounding variables. Choice C is not entirely accurate; while randomization can contribute to accuracy and validity, its primary purpose is to reduce bias. Choice D is incorrect as the goal of randomization is not to balance the number of subjects but to prevent systematic differences between groups.

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