Nursing Elites

1. A client with diabetes mellitus is receiving insulin glargine (Lantus). The nurse should monitor the client for which of the following side effects?

• A. Hypoglycemia
• B. Hyperkalemia
• C. Hypertension
• D. Hypercalcemia

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Insulin glargine is a long-acting insulin used to control blood sugar levels in diabetes. The nurse should monitor the client for hypoglycemia, which is a potential side effect of insulin therapy. Hypoglycemia occurs when blood sugar levels drop too low, leading to symptoms such as shakiness, dizziness, sweating, confusion, and in severe cases, loss of consciousness. Hyperkalemia (choice B) is an elevated potassium level, not typically associated with insulin glargine. Hypertension (choice C) is high blood pressure, which is not a common side effect of insulin glargine. Hypercalcemia (choice D) is an elevated calcium level and is not related to the use of insulin glargine.

2. When assisting a family who fails to take action during a sick member despite suggestions, you will:

• A. explain the consequences of inaction
• B. identify the courses of action open to the family and the resources needed for each
• C. discuss the consequences of each course of action available
• D. influence the family to act on what you think is best for the situation

Correct answer: B

Rationale: When helping a family decide on actions to take, it is essential to identify the courses of action available to them and the resources needed for each. This empowers the family to make informed decisions based on their specific situation. Explaining the consequences of inaction (Choice A) may be necessary but does not provide a range of options. Discussing the consequences of each course of action (Choice C) is important but does not actively guide the family on the available actions. Influencing the family (Choice D) to act based on personal judgment undermines their autonomy and may not lead to the best outcome.

3. The term 'epidemiology' is best defined as the study of:

• A. The causes of disease
• B. The distribution and determinants of health-related states in populations
• C. The treatment and prevention of disease
• D. The healthcare system and its effectiveness

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states in populations. Choice A is incorrect because epidemiology focuses on more than just causes but also on distribution and determinants. Choice C is incorrect as it specifically relates to public health and not just treatment and prevention. Choice D is incorrect as epidemiology is broader than just focusing on the healthcare system and its effectiveness.

4. In the provision of preventive care to workers, the nurse must be aware of biological hazards that are harmful to workers and their families, such as:

• A. bacteria, fungi, and insects
• B. noise
• C. toxic metals, poisonous gas fumes, and dust
• D. stress

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: bacteria, fungi, and insects. Biological hazards in the workplace can include microorganisms like bacteria and fungi that can cause infections, as well as insects that may carry diseases. Noise (choice B) is considered a physical hazard, not a biological one. Toxic metals, poisonous gas fumes, and dust (choice C) are examples of chemical hazards, not biological hazards. While stress (choice D) can be a health concern in the workplace, it is not classified as a biological hazard.

5. The nurse is assessing a client with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Which of the following findings should the nurse expect?

• A. Decreased anteroposterior diameter
• B. Hyperresonance on percussion
• C. Increased breath sounds
• D. Prolonged expiratory phase

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Prolonged expiratory phase. In COPD, there is airflow obstruction leading to difficulty in exhaling air. This results in a prolonged expiratory phase. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect. Decreased anteroposterior diameter is associated with conditions like barrel chest in emphysema, not COPD. Hyperresonance on percussion is typical in conditions like emphysema, not necessarily in COPD. Increased breath sounds are not a typical finding in COPD; instead, diminished breath sounds may be present due to air trapping.

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