HESI RN
Biology Test
1. Which of the following best describes phenotype?
- A. The hereditary potentials and limitations of an individual
- B. The genetic makeup of an individual organism
- C. The entire complex of genes inherited from both parents
- D. All the observable characteristics of an organism
Correct answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: 'All the observable characteristics of an organism.' Phenotype refers to all the observable characteristics of an organism, such as physical appearance, behavior, and other traits, which result from the interaction of its genotype with the environment. Choice A is incorrect because it describes genotype. Choice B is incorrect as it defines genotype, not phenotype. Choice C is incorrect as it refers to the genotype, the genetic information inherited from both parents, rather than the observable traits.
2. Which of the following are signs and symptoms of vaginitis EXCEPT?
- A. Vaginal itching and irritation
- B. Heavy vaginal bleeding
- C. Pain during coitus
- D. Painful urination
Correct answer: B
Rationale: Vaginitis is characterized by symptoms such as vaginal itching, irritation, pain during coitus, and painful urination. However, heavy vaginal bleeding is not typically associated with vaginitis. Vaginal bleeding could be indicative of other conditions like cervical or endometrial issues, but it is not a common symptom of vaginitis.
3. A client with type 2 diabetes is admitted with hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome (HHS). Which laboratory value requires immediate intervention?
- A. Serum glucose of 600 mg/dL
- B. Serum osmolarity of 320 mOsm/kg
- C. Serum sodium of 130 mEq/L
- D. Serum potassium of 5.0 mEq/L
Correct answer: B
Rationale: A serum osmolarity of 320 mOsm/kg is concerning in a client with HHS because it indicates severe dehydration and hyperosmolarity, which requires immediate intervention. In HHS, the elevated serum osmolarity leads to neurological symptoms and can result in serious complications if not addressed promptly. While a high serum glucose level (choice A) is typical in HHS, the osmolarity is a more direct indicator of dehydration and severity. Serum sodium (choice C) and potassium levels (choice D) are important but do not pose an immediate threat to the client's condition compared to the severe hyperosmolarity indicated by a high serum osmolarity level.
4. A 12-year-old boy has a body mass index (BMI) of 28, a systolic pressure, and a glycosylated hemoglobin (HBA1C) of 7.8%. Which selection indicates that his mother understands the management of his diet?
- A. One whole-wheat bagel with cream cheese, two strips of bacon, six ounces of orange juice.
- B. Two eggs with toast and butter, 8 ounces of milk.
- C. Fresh fruit salad with low-fat yogurt.
- D. Pancakes with syrup and sausage links.
Correct answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C. Fresh fruit salad with low-fat yogurt is a healthier choice for managing the diet of a 12-year-old boy with a high BMI and elevated HBA1C. This choice provides a good balance of nutrients, fiber, and low-fat content, helping to lower BMI and maintain healthy blood sugar levels. Choices A, B, and D are less ideal as they contain higher levels of refined carbohydrates, saturated fats, and sugars, which can contribute to weight gain and worsen blood sugar control in this scenario.
5. An elderly client with a history of falls is being discharged from the hospital. Which intervention should the home health nurse implement to reduce the client's risk of falling at home?
- A. Install grab bars in the bathroom
- B. Provide a walker for ambulation
- C. Educate the client on fall prevention strategies
- D. Refer the client to a physical therapist
Correct answer: A
Rationale: Installing grab bars in the bathroom is crucial to reducing the elderly client's risk of falling at home. Grab bars provide physical support and stability, especially in areas like the bathroom where slips and falls are common among older adults. While providing a walker for ambulation (Choice B) can assist with mobility, it may not directly address the environmental hazards at home. Educating the client on fall prevention strategies (Choice C) is important but may not be sufficient if the physical environment is not modified to reduce fall risks. Referring the client to a physical therapist (Choice D) may help improve strength and balance but does not directly address the immediate environmental risk of falling at home.