Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following do prokaryotic cells lack?

• A. A cell membrane
• B. Genetic material
• C. Cytoplasm
• D. Membrane-bound organelles

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles, such as mitochondria or a nucleus, distinguishing them from eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells do have genetic material, a cell membrane, and cytoplasm. Choice A is incorrect because prokaryotic cells do have a cell membrane, which is essential for maintaining cell structure and regulating what enters and exits the cell. Choice B is incorrect because prokaryotic cells contain genetic material, typically in the form of a single circular chromosome. Choice C is incorrect because prokaryotic cells have cytoplasm, where various cellular activities take place.

2. What is the science of biological classification commonly called?

• A. Taxonomy
• B. Physiology
• C. Botany
• D. Zoology

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Taxonomy is the science of naming, defining, and classifying groups of biological organisms based on shared characteristics. Physiology (choice B) is the study of the functions and processes of living organisms, not classification. Botany (choice C) is the study of plants, while Zoology (choice D) is the study of animals. Therefore, the correct answer is Taxonomy (choice A).

3. At the beginning of meiosis, how many chromosomes does the diploid parent cell have?

• A. 23
• B. 24
• C. 46
• D. 54

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: 46. At the start of meiosis, the diploid parent cell contains 46 chromosomes. During meiosis, the number of chromosomes is halved, resulting in each gamete having 23 chromosomes. Choice A (23) is incorrect because that is the number of chromosomes in a human gamete, not the parent cell. Choice B (24) and Choice D (54) are also incorrect as they do not reflect the correct number of chromosomes in a diploid parent cell at the beginning of meiosis.

4. Which of the following options correctly lists the five stages of mitosis in order from beginning to end?

• A. Prophase, Prometaphase, Telophase, Metaphase, Anaphase
• B. Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
• C. Metaphase, Anaphase, Prophase, Prometaphase, Telophase
• D. Metaphase, Telophase, Anaphase, Prophase, Prometaphase

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct order of the stages of mitosis is Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase. Choice A is incorrect because it has Anaphase and Metaphase in the wrong order. Choice C is incorrect as it starts with Metaphase, which is not the first stage of mitosis. Choice D is incorrect as it also has the stages in the wrong order, and it starts with Metaphase, which is incorrect.

5. Which cell structure is responsible for efficiently packaging DNA into a small volume to fit into the nucleus of a cell and protect the DNA structure and sequence?

• A. Golgi apparatus
• B. Chromatin
• C. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
• D. Mitochondria

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Chromatin. Chromatin is responsible for packaging DNA into a more compact, dense shape to fit into the nucleus of a cell. This compact packaging helps protect the DNA structure and regulate gene expression. The Golgi apparatus is involved in modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in lipid metabolism and detoxification. Mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell, producing energy in the form of ATP.

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