HESI RN
Biology Test
1. The term pleiotropy is best defined as which of the following?
- A. A situation in which one gene remains unexpressed
- B. One gene influencing multiple, seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits
- C. Two genes affected by a single allele
- D. A condition in which multiple genes are missing
Correct answer: B
Rationale: Pleiotropy is best defined as one gene influencing multiple, seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits. This phenomenon showcases the multifunctionality of genes, where a single gene can have effects on various aspects of an organism's phenotype. Choices A, C, and D do not accurately capture the concept of pleiotropy. Option A refers to gene expression, not pleiotropy. Option C describes genetic interactions but not in the context of pleiotropy. Option D talks about missing genes, which is unrelated to the definition of pleiotropy.
2. What is the science of biological classification commonly called?
- A. Taxonomy
- B. Physiology
- C. Botany
- D. Zoology
Correct answer: A
Rationale: Taxonomy is the science of naming, defining, and classifying groups of biological organisms based on shared characteristics. Physiology (choice B) is the study of the functions and processes of living organisms, not classification. Botany (choice C) is the study of plants, while Zoology (choice D) is the study of animals. Therefore, the correct answer is Taxonomy (choice A).
3. During cellular respiration, glycolysis takes place in the cytosol and produces how many molecules of ATP, pyruvate, and NADH?
- A. two, two, two
- B. two, four, two
- C. two, four, four
- D. four, four, four
Correct answer: A
Rationale: Glycolysis, the first step of cellular respiration, takes place in the cytosol and produces two molecules each of ATP, pyruvate, and NADH. Therefore, the correct answer is A. Choice B is incorrect as glycolysis produces two ATP molecules, not four. Choice C is incorrect as it incorrectly states that glycolysis produces four molecules of pyruvate and NADH. Choice D is incorrect because glycolysis produces two molecules of ATP, not four.
4. Proteins are polymers of 20 molecules called:
- A. Amino acids
- B. Phospholipids
- C. Carbohydrates
- D. Fatty acids
Correct answer: A
Rationale: Proteins are indeed polymers made up of amino acids. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, where each protein has a unique sequence of amino acids that determines its structure and function. Phospholipids, carbohydrates, and fatty acids are not molecules that make up proteins. Phospholipids are the main components of cell membranes, carbohydrates are sugars used for energy and structural purposes, and fatty acids are building blocks of lipids.
5. Water is a polar molecule that can be:
- A. cohesive and corrosive
- B. cohesive and adhesive
- C. electrostatic and ionic
- D. repellent and attractive
Correct answer: B
Rationale: Water is a polar molecule due to an uneven distribution of electrons, allowing it to form hydrogen bonds. This property makes water both cohesive (attracted to itself) and adhesive (attracted to other substances). Choice A is incorrect because water is not corrosive; rather, it is a solvent. Choices C and D are incorrect as they do not describe the cohesive and adhesive properties of water.
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