HESI RN
Biology Test
1. Which of the following organelles is known as the cell's digestion center?
- A. Chloroplasts
- B. Mitochondria
- C. Lysosomes
- D. Ribosomes
Correct answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Lysosomes. Lysosomes contain enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris within the cell, making them the cell's digestion center. Choice A, Chloroplasts, are responsible for photosynthesis. Choice B, Mitochondria, are the powerhouse of the cell, generating energy. Choice D, Ribosomes, are involved in protein synthesis. Therefore, Lysosomes are specifically known for their role in digestion within the cell.
2. A molecule's specific heat is the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of that molecule by:
- A. One degree Celsius
- B. Five degrees Celsius
- C. Two degrees Celsius
- D. Four degrees Celsius
Correct answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: 'One degree Celsius.' Specific heat is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one degree Celsius. This property is specific to each substance and is used in various calculations involving heat and temperature changes. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because specific heat is always measured per one degree Celsius increase in temperature for one gram of the substance, not five degrees, two degrees, or four degrees.
3. Which of the following is not found in a prokaryotic cell?
- A. Plasma membrane
- B. Cytoplasm
- C. Nucleus
- D. Ribosomes
Correct answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, 'Nucleus.' Prokaryotic cells do not have a defined nucleus, unlike eukaryotic cells. The plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes are all components found in prokaryotic cells. The plasma membrane surrounds the cell and regulates what enters and exits, the cytoplasm is the gel-like substance that fills the cell, and ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis.
4. The term pleiotropy is best defined as which of the following?
- A. A situation in which one gene remains unexpressed
- B. One gene influencing multiple, seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits
- C. Two genes affected by a single allele
- D. A condition in which multiple genes are missing
Correct answer: B
Rationale: Pleiotropy is best defined as one gene influencing multiple, seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits. This phenomenon showcases the multifunctionality of genes, where a single gene can have effects on various aspects of an organism's phenotype. Choices A, C, and D do not accurately capture the concept of pleiotropy. Option A refers to gene expression, not pleiotropy. Option C describes genetic interactions but not in the context of pleiotropy. Option D talks about missing genes, which is unrelated to the definition of pleiotropy.
5. Which of the following best describes phenotype?
- A. The hereditary potentials and limitations of an individual
- B. The genetic makeup of an individual organism
- C. The entire complex of genes inherited from both parents
- D. All the observable characteristics of an organism
Correct answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: 'All the observable characteristics of an organism.' Phenotype refers to all the observable characteristics of an organism, such as physical appearance, behavior, and other traits, which result from the interaction of its genotype with the environment. Choice A is incorrect because it describes genotype. Choice B is incorrect as it defines genotype, not phenotype. Choice C is incorrect as it refers to the genotype, the genetic information inherited from both parents, rather than the observable traits.
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