HESI RN
Biology Test
1. Which organelle has the ability to hydrolyze fats, nucleic acids, proteins, and sugars?
- A. Chloroplasts
- B. Mitochondria
- C. Lysosomes
- D. Ribosomes
Correct answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, Lysosomes. Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes that are capable of breaking down various biomolecules such as fats, nucleic acids, proteins, and sugars. This organelle acts as the 'digestive system' of the cell. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because chloroplasts are involved in photosynthesis, mitochondria are responsible for energy production, and ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis, not the hydrolysis of biomolecules.
2. What are the nitrogenous bases of DNA?
- A. Adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine
- B. Adenine, guanine, and uracil
- C. Adenine, guanine, and thymine
- D. Adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil
Correct answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine. These are the four nitrogenous bases found in DNA. Adenine pairs with thymine, and cytosine pairs with guanine, forming the complementary base pairs in the double helix structure of DNA. Choice B is incorrect because uracil is a nitrogenous base found in RNA, not DNA. Choice C is incorrect as it is missing cytosine, one of the four bases in DNA. Choice D is incorrect because uracil is not a nitrogenous base in DNA, and it also lacks thymine, which is essential for DNA structure.
3. Who discovered the basic principles of genetics using garden peas?
- A. Curie
- B. Mendel
- C. Hawking
- D. Galileo
Correct answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B, Mendel. Gregor Mendel is known as the father of genetics for his groundbreaking work with pea plants. He discovered the basic principles of heredity through his experiments, establishing the foundation of modern genetics. Choice A, Curie, is incorrect as Marie Curie was a physicist and chemist known for her pioneering research on radioactivity. Choice C, Hawking, is incorrect as Stephen Hawking was a theoretical physicist known for his work on black holes and cosmology. Choice D, Galileo, is incorrect as Galileo Galilei was an astronomer and physicist renowned for his contributions to the scientific revolution, particularly in astronomy.
4. Which of the following molecules acts as the genetic code's messenger?
- A. RNA
- B. Proteins
- C. DNA
- D. Carbohydrates
Correct answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is RNA. RNA, particularly mRNA, serves as the messenger that carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where proteins are synthesized. Proteins (choice B) are not the genetic code's messenger; they are synthesized based on the information carried by RNA. DNA (choice C) stores the genetic information but does not directly act as the messenger. Carbohydrates (choice D) are not involved in transmitting genetic information.
5. Which of the following molecules contains the code required for replication?
- A. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
- B. Transfer RNA (tRNA)
- C. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
- D. Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Correct answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). DNA contains the genetic information essential for replication, ensuring the accurate transmission of genetic material from one generation to the next. Choice B, Transfer RNA (tRNA), is involved in protein synthesis, not replication. Choice C, Messenger RNA (mRNA), carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome but does not contain the code for replication. Choice D, Ribonucleic acid (RNA), is a broader category that includes both mRNA and tRNA, but the specific molecule containing the code required for replication is DNA.
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