Nursing Elites

1. Which organelle has the ability to hydrolyze fats, nucleic acids, proteins, and sugars?

• A. Chloroplasts
• B. Mitochondria
• C. Lysosomes
• D. Ribosomes

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C, Lysosomes. Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes that are capable of breaking down various biomolecules such as fats, nucleic acids, proteins, and sugars. This organelle acts as the 'digestive system' of the cell. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because chloroplasts are involved in photosynthesis, mitochondria are responsible for energy production, and ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis, not the hydrolysis of biomolecules.

2. What are the nitrogenous bases of DNA?

• A. Adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine
• B. Adenine, guanine, and uracil
• C. Adenine, guanine, and thymine
• D. Adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine. These are the four nitrogenous bases found in DNA. Adenine pairs with thymine, and cytosine pairs with guanine, forming the complementary base pairs in the double helix structure of DNA. Choice B is incorrect because uracil is a nitrogenous base found in RNA, not DNA. Choice C is incorrect as it is missing cytosine, one of the four bases in DNA. Choice D is incorrect because uracil is not a nitrogenous base in DNA, and it also lacks thymine, which is essential for DNA structure.

3. In meiosis, the chromosome number is reduced from:

• A. 46 to 23
• B. 46 to 33
• C. 28 to 14
• D. 24 to 12

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: "46 to 23." In meiosis, the chromosome number is reduced by half to form gametes for sexual reproduction. In humans, where the diploid chromosome number is 46, meiosis results in haploid cells with 23 chromosomes. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they do not represent the correct reduction in chromosome number during meiosis.

4. Binary fission is a type of asexual reproduction. Which of the following occurs during the binary fission process?

• A. The chromosomes bind to the plasma membrane
• B. The chromosomes attach to the spindle formed along the axis
• C. The chromosomes gather in the center of the cell
• D. The chromosomes begin to separate

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A. In binary fission, the chromosomes bind to the plasma membrane before the cell splits into two. This initial step ensures that each daughter cell receives a complete set of genetic material. Choice B is incorrect because the spindle apparatus is characteristic of eukaryotic cell division (mitosis), not prokaryotic binary fission. Choice C is incorrect as chromosomes do not necessarily gather in the center of the cell during binary fission. Choice D is incorrect because the chromosomes do not begin to separate in binary fission; they replicate and then move to opposite ends of the cell before division.

5. The cellular membrane contributes to all except which of the following?

• A. Cell energy production
• B. Cell permeability
• C. Cell communication
• D. Cell protection

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The cellular membrane is involved in regulating cell permeability, communication, and protection. However, it is not directly involved in energy production. Choice A is the correct answer because the cellular membrane does not produce energy; instead, it regulates the passage of molecules in and out of the cell. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because the cell membrane plays key roles in controlling what enters and exits the cell, facilitating communication between cells, and providing structural support and protection to the cell.

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