HESI RN
Biology Practice Test
1. What characteristic of water allows for hydrogen bonding between molecules?
- A. Its covalent bonds
- B. Its cohesive properties
- C. Its high specific heat
- D. Its polar nature
Correct answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Its polar nature. Water is a polar molecule with a partial positive charge on hydrogen atoms and a partial negative charge on oxygen atoms. This polarity allows water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with each other. Choice A, covalent bonds, is incorrect because while water indeed has covalent bonds, they do not directly enable hydrogen bonding. Choice B, cohesive properties, is incorrect as cohesion refers to water's ability to stick to other substances, not the specific characteristic that allows for hydrogen bonding. Choice C, high specific heat, is also incorrect as it refers to water's ability to resist changes in temperature, not its property that leads to hydrogen bonding.
2. Which organelle has the ability to hydrolyze fats, nucleic acids, proteins, and sugars?
- A. Chloroplasts
- B. Mitochondria
- C. Lysosomes
- D. Ribosomes
Correct answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, Lysosomes. Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes that are capable of breaking down various biomolecules such as fats, nucleic acids, proteins, and sugars. This organelle acts as the 'digestive system' of the cell. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because chloroplasts are involved in photosynthesis, mitochondria are responsible for energy production, and ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis, not the hydrolysis of biomolecules.
3. Which of the following is not found in a prokaryotic cell?
- A. Plasma membrane
- B. Cytoplasm
- C. Nucleus
- D. Ribosomes
Correct answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C, 'Nucleus.' Prokaryotic cells do not have a defined nucleus, unlike eukaryotic cells. The plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes are all components found in prokaryotic cells. The plasma membrane surrounds the cell and regulates what enters and exits, the cytoplasm is the gel-like substance that fills the cell, and ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis.
4. In which step of cellular respiration is the most adenosine triphosphate (ATP) created?
- A. Electron transport chain
- B. Glycolysis
- C. Citric acid cycle (the Krebs cycle)
- D. All of these produce equal amounts of ATP
Correct answer: A
Rationale: The electron transport chain is the step in cellular respiration that generates the most ATP. During this step, up to 34 ATP molecules can be produced from a single glucose molecule. Choice B, Glycolysis, produces a smaller amount of ATP (2 ATP molecules per glucose), and choice C, Citric acid cycle, produces some ATP but not as much as the electron transport chain. Choice D is incorrect because different steps of cellular respiration produce varying amounts of ATP, with the electron transport chain being the most efficient in ATP generation.
5. Which of the following terms is used to represent two alleles that are the same type?
- A. Homosynchronous
- B. Hypersynchronous
- C. Heterozygous
- D. Homozygous
Correct answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, 'Homozygous.' Homozygous refers to having two identical alleles for a particular gene. In this context, 'Homosynchronous' (choice A) is not a recognized genetic term. 'Hypersynchronous' (choice B) is not a term used in genetics. 'Heterozygous' (choice C) refers to having two different alleles for a particular gene, which is the opposite of homozygous.
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