Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following describes the set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products?

• A. Cellular respiration
• B. Meiosis
• C. Photosynthesis
• D. Mitosis

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Cellular respiration. Cellular respiration is the process in cells that converts biochemical energy from nutrients into ATP and releases waste products. This process occurs in the mitochondria of the cell. Choice B, Meiosis, is a type of cell division that produces gametes with half the chromosome number. Choice C, Photosynthesis, is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy to produce glucose. Choice D, Mitosis, is a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells with identical sets of chromosomes as the parent cell.

2. What is the primary method of asexual reproduction used by most bacteria?

• A. Meiosis
• B. Mitosis
• C. Binary fission
• D. Interphase

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Binary fission. This is the main process through which most bacteria reproduce asexually. During binary fission, a single cell divides into two identical cells, each containing a copy of the genetic material. Choices A and B, meiosis and mitosis, are processes involved in sexual reproduction and are not used by bacteria for asexual reproduction. Choice D, interphase, is a stage of the cell cycle where the cell prepares for division and is not a method of reproduction.

3. Which of the following is responsible for the synthesis of carbohydrates, lipids, and steroid hormones?

• A. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
• B. Rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
• C. Golgi apparatus
• D. Ribosomes

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the correct answer. It is responsible for the synthesis of lipids, including steroids, and also plays a role in carbohydrate metabolism. The rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is involved in protein synthesis and processing, not lipid or carbohydrate synthesis. The Golgi apparatus is responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging of proteins and lipids, but not for their synthesis. Ribosomes are the cellular organelles responsible for protein synthesis, not lipid or carbohydrate synthesis.

4. Which organelle is responsible for the synthesis of lipids and steroid hormones?

• A. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
• B. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
• C. Golgi apparatus
• D. Ribosomes

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is the correct organelle responsible for the synthesis of lipids, including phospholipids, cholesterol, and steroid hormones. The rough endoplasmic reticulum is primarily involved in protein synthesis and processing, making choice A incorrect. The Golgi apparatus is responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids for transportation, so it is not directly involved in lipid and steroid hormone synthesis, making choice C incorrect. Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis and are not involved in lipid or steroid hormone synthesis, making choice D incorrect.

5. In which step of cellular respiration is the most adenosine triphosphate (ATP) created?

• A. Electron transport chain
• B. Glycolysis
• C. Citric acid cycle (the Krebs cycle)
• D. All of these produce equal amounts of ATP

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The electron transport chain is the step in cellular respiration that generates the most ATP. During this step, up to 34 ATP molecules can be produced from a single glucose molecule. Choice B, Glycolysis, produces a smaller amount of ATP (2 ATP molecules per glucose), and choice C, Citric acid cycle, produces some ATP but not as much as the electron transport chain. Choice D is incorrect because different steps of cellular respiration produce varying amounts of ATP, with the electron transport chain being the most efficient in ATP generation.

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