Nursing Elites

1. What is the difference between DNA and RNA?

• A. RNA has an extra Phosphate group
• B. DNA has one less oxygen than RNA
• C. RNA has one less oxygen than DNA
• D. DNA has an extra sugar molecule

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. DNA has one less oxygen atom in its sugar molecule (deoxyribose) compared to RNA, which has a ribose sugar. Choice A is incorrect because RNA does not have an extra phosphate group. Choice C is incorrect as RNA actually has one more oxygen atom than DNA. Choice D is incorrect as DNA and RNA have different sugar molecules, with DNA having deoxyribose and RNA having ribose.

2. Which of the following options correctly lists the five stages of mitosis in order from beginning to end?

• A. Prophase, Prometaphase, Telophase, Metaphase, Anaphase
• B. Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
• C. Metaphase, Anaphase, Prophase, Prometaphase, Telophase
• D. Metaphase, Telophase, Anaphase, Prophase, Prometaphase

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct order of the stages of mitosis is Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase. Choice A is incorrect because it has Anaphase and Metaphase in the wrong order. Choice C is incorrect as it starts with Metaphase, which is not the first stage of mitosis. Choice D is incorrect as it also has the stages in the wrong order, and it starts with Metaphase, which is incorrect.

3. Which of the following terms is used to represent two alleles that are the same type?

• A. Homosynchronous
• B. Hypersynchronous
• C. Heterozygous
• D. Homozygous

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, 'Homozygous.' Homozygous refers to having two identical alleles for a particular gene. In this context, 'Homosynchronous' (choice A) is not a recognized genetic term. 'Hypersynchronous' (choice B) is not a term used in genetics. 'Heterozygous' (choice C) refers to having two different alleles for a particular gene, which is the opposite of homozygous.

4. During which stage of photosynthesis is solar energy converted to chemical energy?

• A. During phosphate synthesis
• B. During light reactions
• C. During the Krebs cycle
• D. During the Calvin cycle

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B, during the light reactions. During the light reactions of photosynthesis, solar energy is absorbed by chlorophyll and converted into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. Choice A is incorrect as phosphate synthesis does not involve the conversion of solar energy. Choice C, the Krebs cycle, is a part of cellular respiration, not photosynthesis. Choice D, the Calvin cycle, is responsible for fixing carbon dioxide into carbohydrates and does not involve the direct conversion of solar energy to chemical energy.

5. Which of the following makes it possible to predict the genotype and phenotype of the offspring of sexual reproduction?

• A. Punnett square
• B. Chi-square
• C. Microscope
• D. None of these

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A, Punnett square. A Punnett square is a tool specifically designed to predict the genotype and phenotype combinations of offspring resulting from a particular cross or breeding experiment. It helps in understanding the probability of different genotypes and phenotypes appearing in the offspring. Choice B, Chi-square, is a statistical test used to determine if there is a significant difference between the expected frequencies and the observed frequencies in a study. Choice C, Microscope, is used for viewing tiny structures and organisms, not for predicting genetic outcomes. Choice D, None of these, is incorrect as Punnett square is a valid tool for predicting genetic outcomes in offspring.

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