Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following provides support and shape to the cell?

• A. Microtubules
• B. Microfilaments
• C. Cilia
• D. Microvilli

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Microtubules are fundamental components of the cytoskeleton in a cell, playing a crucial role in providing structural support and maintaining the cell's shape. They are composed of tubulin protein subunits and are involved in various cellular processes like cell division, intracellular transport, and cell motility. Microfilaments, on the other hand, are involved in cell movement and maintaining cell shape but are not primarily responsible for supporting the cell's overall structure. Cilia and microvilli are cellular projections that aid in movement and absorption, respectively, but they do not play a significant role in providing structural support to the cell.

2. What percentage of the offspring of the parents is predicted to have a cleft chin?

• A. 25%
• B. 50%
• C. 0%
• D. 75%

Correct answer: A

Rationale: When one parent carries the recessive gene for a cleft chin and the other does not, there is a 25% chance of the offspring inheriting the cleft chin. This is due to the fact that the trait follows a simple Mendelian inheritance pattern, where the offspring would need to inherit the recessive gene from both parents to express the trait. Therefore, 25% of the offspring are predicted to have a cleft chin. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because the likelihood of inheriting a cleft chin in this specific scenario is 25%, not 50%, 0%, or 75%.

3. Which of the following options correctly lists the five stages of mitosis in order from beginning to end?

• A. Prophase, Prometaphase, Telophase, Metaphase, Anaphase
• B. Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
• C. Metaphase, Anaphase, Prophase, Prometaphase, Telophase
• D. Metaphase, Telophase, Anaphase, Prophase, Prometaphase

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct order of the stages of mitosis is Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase. Choice A is incorrect because it has Anaphase and Metaphase in the wrong order. Choice C is incorrect as it starts with Metaphase, which is not the first stage of mitosis. Choice D is incorrect as it also has the stages in the wrong order, and it starts with Metaphase, which is incorrect.

4. In which step of cellular respiration is the most adenosine triphosphate (ATP) created?

• A. Electron transport chain
• B. Glycolysis
• C. Citric acid cycle (the Krebs cycle)
• D. All of these produce equal amounts of ATP

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The electron transport chain is the step in cellular respiration that generates the most ATP. During this step, up to 34 ATP molecules can be produced from a single glucose molecule. Choice B, Glycolysis, produces a smaller amount of ATP (2 ATP molecules per glucose), and choice C, Citric acid cycle, produces some ATP but not as much as the electron transport chain. Choice D is incorrect because different steps of cellular respiration produce varying amounts of ATP, with the electron transport chain being the most efficient in ATP generation.

5. During cellular respiration, glycolysis takes place in the cytosol and produces how many molecules of ATP, pyruvate, and NADH?

• A. two, two, two
• B. two, four, two
• C. two, four, four
• D. four, four, four

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Glycolysis, the first step of cellular respiration, takes place in the cytosol and produces two molecules each of ATP, pyruvate, and NADH. Therefore, the correct answer is A. Choice B is incorrect as glycolysis produces two ATP molecules, not four. Choice C is incorrect as it incorrectly states that glycolysis produces four molecules of pyruvate and NADH. Choice D is incorrect because glycolysis produces two molecules of ATP, not four.

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