Nursing Elites

1. Discuss the anatomical/physiological changes in pregnancy under the following: Cardiovascular system

• A. The heart is displaced upward and to the left by the enlarging uterus, cardiac capacity increases, and blood pressure declines slightly.
• B. The heart is displaced downward and to the right, and blood pressure increases.
• C. The cardiovascular system remains unchanged during pregnancy.
• D. Cardiovascular changes include increased peripheral resistance and reduced cardiac output.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: During pregnancy, the cardiovascular system undergoes changes such as the heart being displaced upward and to the left by the enlarging uterus, increased cardiac capacity, and a slight decline in blood pressure. Choice B is incorrect as the heart is displaced upwards, not downwards, and blood pressure typically decreases slightly. Choice C is incorrect as the cardiovascular system does undergo changes during pregnancy. Choice D is incorrect as cardiovascular changes in pregnancy involve increased cardiac output rather than reduced output.

2. Which of the following is an example of an oviparous animal?

• A. Pigeon
• B. Elephant
• C. Sheep
• D. None of the above

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Pigeon. Oviparous animals are those that lay eggs, and pigeons fall under this category. Choice B, Elephant, is incorrect because elephants are viviparous, giving birth to live young. Choice C, Sheep, is also incorrect as sheep are viviparous animals. Choice D, None of the above, is not the correct answer as a pigeon is indeed an example of an oviparous animal.

3. Complete abortion is characterized by:

• A. Os closed.
• B. Firm contracted uterus.
• C. Heavy bleeding.
• D. Heavy cramping.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Complete abortion is characterized by a firm contracted uterus with a closed os. This closure of the os indicates that the products of conception have been completely expelled from the uterus. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because a firm contracted uterus with a closed os is the hallmark sign of a complete abortion, not heavy bleeding, heavy cramping, or any other features.

4. The programs aimed at achieving total reproductive health as a social goal at the national level are called:

• A. Family organization
• B. Family planning
• C. Reproductive care
• D. Reproductive health

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, 'Reproductive health.' Reproductive health programs focus on ensuring overall well-being in relation to reproduction, including access to reproductive services, education, and healthcare. Choice A, 'Family organization,' does not specifically address health aspects related to reproduction. Choice B, 'Family planning,' is more focused on birth control and family size rather than the broader aspects of reproductive health. Choice C, 'Reproductive care,' is limited to the aspect of medical care and does not encompass the comprehensive approach of reproductive health programs.

5. After fertilization, cell division occurs through a process of:

• A. Binary fission
• B. Meiosis
• C. Budding
• D. Mitosis

Correct answer: D

Rationale: After fertilization, the zygote undergoes cell division through the process of mitosis. Mitosis is the type of cell division that results in two daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Choice A, binary fission, is a form of asexual reproduction in prokaryotes, not the process that occurs after fertilization in multicellular organisms. Choice B, meiosis, is a type of cell division that leads to the formation of gametes with half the number of chromosomes, not the process that occurs after fertilization. Choice C, budding, is a form of asexual reproduction seen in some organisms like yeast, but it is not the process of cell division after fertilization.

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