Nursing Elites

1. Discuss the anatomical/physiological changes in pregnancy under the following: Cardiovascular system

• A. The heart is displaced upward and to the left by the enlarging uterus, cardiac capacity increases, and blood pressure declines slightly.
• B. The heart is displaced downward and to the right, and blood pressure increases.
• C. The cardiovascular system remains unchanged during pregnancy.
• D. Cardiovascular changes include increased peripheral resistance and reduced cardiac output.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: During pregnancy, the cardiovascular system undergoes changes such as the heart being displaced upward and to the left by the enlarging uterus, increased cardiac capacity, and a slight decline in blood pressure. Choice B is incorrect as the heart is displaced upwards, not downwards, and blood pressure typically decreases slightly. Choice C is incorrect as the cardiovascular system does undergo changes during pregnancy. Choice D is incorrect as cardiovascular changes in pregnancy involve increased cardiac output rather than reduced output.

2. Practices such as female genital mutilation and unsafe male circumcision are categorized as:

• A. Harmful traditional practices
• B. Encouraged in rural Zambia
• C. Recommended in modern surgery and IRH
• D. Safer sex practices

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Practices like female genital mutilation and unsafe male circumcision are considered harmful traditional practices due to the physical and psychological harm they cause. Choice A is correct as these practices are not safe or recommended. Choice B is incorrect, as harmful traditional practices are not encouraged anywhere. Choice C is incorrect as modern surgery and organizations like IRH aim to eliminate such practices, not recommend them. Choice D is incorrect as these practices are not related to safer sex practices but rather harmful practices that need to be eradicated.

3. What are the external organs of the female collectively known as?

• A. Vulva
• B. Frenulum
• C. Mons veneris
• D. Vestibule

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Vulva. The external organs of the female reproductive system, including the labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vaginal opening, and Bartholin's glands, are collectively known as the vulva. Choice B, Frenulum, is incorrect as it refers to a small band of tissue. Choice C, Mons veneris, specifically refers to the rounded mass of fatty tissue located over the pubic bone, not all external female reproductive organs. Choice D, Vestibule, is incorrect as it is the space enclosed by the labia minora that includes the vaginal and urethral openings, not all external female reproductive organs.

4. The structures of the vulva lie ____________ to the vagina.

• A. Posterior
• B. Inferior
• C. Lateral
• D. Superior

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is 'Inferior.' The structures of the vulva are positioned below the vagina, making them inferior. Choice A, 'Posterior,' refers to structures located at the back, not below the vagina. Choice C, 'Lateral,' means to the side, which is not the correct orientation in this context. Choice D, 'Superior,' indicates above, which is the opposite of the correct relationship described in the question.

5. Which of the following hormones promotes endometrial growth?

• A. LH
• B. FSH
• C. Estrogen
• D. Progesterone

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Estrogen is the hormone responsible for promoting endometrial growth. Estrogen helps thicken the endometrium during the menstrual cycle in preparation for implantation. LH (Choice A) and FSH (Choice B) are involved in regulating the menstrual cycle but do not directly promote endometrial growth. Progesterone (Choice D) is important for maintaining the endometrium after ovulation but is not the primary hormone responsible for promoting its growth.

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