Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following is often referred to as the powerhouse of the cell?

• A. Nucleus
• B. Chromatin
• C. Mitochondria
• D. Ribosomes

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell because they generate most of the cell's supply of ATP, which is the energy currency used for various cellular processes. The nucleus (Choice A) is the control center of the cell, housing genetic material. Chromatin (Choice B) is a complex of DNA and proteins within the nucleus. Ribosomes (Choice D) are responsible for protein synthesis and not the primary energy production in the cell.

2. What is the primary method of asexual reproduction used by most bacteria?

• A. Meiosis
• B. Mitosis
• C. Binary fission
• D. Interphase

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Binary fission. This is the main process through which most bacteria reproduce asexually. During binary fission, a single cell divides into two identical cells, each containing a copy of the genetic material. Choices A and B, meiosis and mitosis, are processes involved in sexual reproduction and are not used by bacteria for asexual reproduction. Choice D, interphase, is a stage of the cell cycle where the cell prepares for division and is not a method of reproduction.

3. What is the liquid found inside the cell?

• A. Plasma membrane
• B. Cilia
• C. Cytoplasm
• D. Cytosol

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, Cytosol. Cytosol is the liquid component of the cytoplasm where various cellular processes occur. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because the plasma membrane is the outer boundary of the cell, cilia are hair-like structures on the cell surface, and cytoplasm is the jelly-like substance that contains organelles within the cell, not the liquid inside the cell.

4. Water is held together by which of the following bonds?

• A. Electrostatic attraction
• B. Van der Waals forces
• C. Hydrogen
• D. Oxygen

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Water molecules are held together by hydrogen bonds, which are weak bonds formed between the slightly positive hydrogen atom of one water molecule and the slightly negative oxygen atom of another. Choice A, electrostatic attraction, is a general term for the attraction between opposite charges but does not specifically describe the bonds in water. Choice B, Van der Waals forces, are weak intermolecular forces that arise from temporary fluctuations in electron distribution, not the primary bonds in water. Choice D, oxygen, is incorrect as oxygen is part of the water molecule but not the bond holding water molecules together.

5. Which of the following is the process that reduces cells originally classified as diploid to haploid?

• A. Meiosis
• B. Photosynthesis
• C. Mitosis
• D. Cytokinesis

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A, Meiosis. Meiosis is the cell division process that reduces the chromosome number from diploid to haploid, which is essential for sexual reproduction. Choice B, Photosynthesis, is the process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods with the help of chlorophyll. Choice C, Mitosis, is a cell division process that results in two diploid daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Choice D, Cytokinesis, is the division of the cytoplasm following cell division.

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