Nursing Elites

1. What must first occur before a cell can be divided to grow, develop, and reproduce organisms?

• A. RNA replication
• B. DNA replication
• C. Gene replication
• D. Chromosome replication

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: DNA replication. Before a cell can divide to grow, develop, and reproduce organisms, DNA replication must occur. This process ensures that each daughter cell receives an identical set of genetic information. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because while RNA, genes, and chromosomes are essential components of cell division, DNA replication is the specific process that must first occur to ensure accurate transmission of genetic material.

2. Which of the following is often referred to as the powerhouse of the cell?

• A. Nucleus
• B. Chromatin
• C. Mitochondria
• D. Ribosomes

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell because they generate most of the cell's supply of ATP, which is the energy currency used for various cellular processes. The nucleus (Choice A) is the control center of the cell, housing genetic material. Chromatin (Choice B) is a complex of DNA and proteins within the nucleus. Ribosomes (Choice D) are responsible for protein synthesis and not the primary energy production in the cell.

3. Which of the following makes it possible to predict the genotype and phenotype of the offspring of sexual reproduction?

• A. Punnett square
• B. Chi-square
• C. Microscope
• D. None of these

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A, Punnett square. A Punnett square is a tool specifically designed to predict the genotype and phenotype combinations of offspring resulting from a particular cross or breeding experiment. It helps in understanding the probability of different genotypes and phenotypes appearing in the offspring. Choice B, Chi-square, is a statistical test used to determine if there is a significant difference between the expected frequencies and the observed frequencies in a study. Choice C, Microscope, is used for viewing tiny structures and organisms, not for predicting genetic outcomes. Choice D, None of these, is incorrect as Punnett square is a valid tool for predicting genetic outcomes in offspring.

4. In which of the following does cellular respiration take place?

• A. Golgi apparatus
• B. Mitochondrion
• C. Chloroplast
• D. Ribosome

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B, Mitochondrion. Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria, where glucose is converted into energy through a series of metabolic processes. Choice A, Golgi apparatus, is incorrect as it is involved in modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins. Choice C, Chloroplast, is incorrect as it is the site of photosynthesis in plant cells, not cellular respiration. Choice D, Ribosome, is incorrect as it is responsible for protein synthesis, not energy production through cellular respiration.

5. Which of the following options correctly lists the five stages of mitosis in order from beginning to end?

• A. Prophase, Prometaphase, Telophase, Metaphase, Anaphase
• B. Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
• C. Metaphase, Anaphase, Prophase, Prometaphase, Telophase
• D. Metaphase, Telophase, Anaphase, Prophase, Prometaphase

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct order of the stages of mitosis is Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase. Choice A is incorrect because it has Anaphase and Metaphase in the wrong order. Choice C is incorrect as it starts with Metaphase, which is not the first stage of mitosis. Choice D is incorrect as it also has the stages in the wrong order, and it starts with Metaphase, which is incorrect.

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