Nursing Elites

1. What is the definition of incomplete abortion?

• A. Part of the products of conception, especially the fetus, is expelled while the placenta and membranes are retained.
• B. All products of conception are expelled, and there is minimal per vaginal bleeding.
• C. The cervix is closed, and the products of conception remain in the uterus.
• D. The cervix dilates, and the products of conception are expelled.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Incomplete abortion is defined as part of the products of conception, especially the fetus, being expelled while the placenta and membranes are retained. This is the correct definition, making option A the right choice. Option B is incorrect as it describes a complete abortion. Option C is incorrect because in incomplete abortion, the products of conception are not retained in the uterus, and the cervix may be open. Option D is incorrect as it describes a situation more likely to be seen in an inevitable abortion.

2. Which of the following is the description of a normal cervix on speculum examination in a non-pregnant woman of reproductive age?

• A. Bright red mucosa surrounding the cervical os, in turn surrounded by smooth, pink mucosa
• B. Pink mucosa with multiple small, fluid-filled protrusions
• C. Pink, glistening, smooth mucosa of the exocervix, with a small round or fish-mouthed cervical os
• D. Smooth, pink mucosa and a small, fleshy protrusion through the cervical os

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct description of a normal cervix on speculum examination in a non-pregnant woman of reproductive age is pink, glistening, smooth mucosa of the exocervix, with a small round or fish-mouthed cervical os. This appearance is characteristic of a healthy cervix. Choice A is incorrect as a bright red mucosa is not normal. Choice B is incorrect as multiple small, fluid-filled protrusions suggest a different condition. Choice D is incorrect as a fleshy protrusion through the cervical os is abnormal.

3. Which of the following hormones promotes endometrial growth?

• A. LH
• B. FSH
• C. Estrogen
• D. Progesterone

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Estrogen is the hormone responsible for promoting endometrial growth. Estrogen helps thicken the endometrium during the menstrual cycle in preparation for implantation. LH (Choice A) and FSH (Choice B) are involved in regulating the menstrual cycle but do not directly promote endometrial growth. Progesterone (Choice D) is important for maintaining the endometrium after ovulation but is not the primary hormone responsible for promoting its growth.

4. Discuss the anatomical/physiological changes in pregnancy under the following: Haematological system

• A. Blood volume and plasma volume increase, red blood cells increase, erythropoietin levels decrease, and leukocyte count increases.
• B. Blood volume and plasma volume decrease, and red blood cells decrease.
• C. No changes occur in the haematological system during pregnancy.
• D. Platelet count remains constant, and no change in coagulation factors.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: During pregnancy, the haematological system undergoes changes to support the growing fetus. Blood volume and plasma volume increase to accommodate the needs of the developing baby. Red blood cells increase to support the increased oxygen demand. Contrary to the statement, erythropoietin levels actually increase to stimulate red blood cell production. Additionally, leukocyte count increases to help the mother's immune system cope with the changes during pregnancy. Choice B is incorrect as it describes a decrease in blood components, which is not the case in pregnancy. Choice C is incorrect as there are significant changes in the haematological system during pregnancy. Choice D is incorrect as platelet count can fluctuate during pregnancy, and there are changes in coagulation factors to prevent excessive bleeding.

5. Which of the following are outcomes of an ectopic pregnancy EXCEPT?

• A. Tubal abortion
• B. Tubal rupture
• C. Intra-tubal bleeding
• D. Secondary abdominal pregnancy

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus. Common outcomes include tubal abortion (spontaneous termination of ectopic pregnancy within the fallopian tube), tubal rupture (rupture of the fallopian tube leading to internal bleeding), and intra-tubal bleeding. Secondary abdominal pregnancy, on the other hand, is a rare occurrence and not a typical outcome of an ectopic pregnancy. It involves the implantation of a fertilized egg in the peritoneal cavity rather than the uterus.

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