Nursing Elites

1. What is the most common cause of abortion in Zambia?

• A. Tuberculosis
• B. HIV
• C. Ascariasis
• D. Malaria

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Malaria is the most common cause of abortion in Zambia due to its significant impact on maternal health. Malaria can lead to severe complications during pregnancy, increasing the risk of spontaneous abortion. Tuberculosis (Choice A), HIV (Choice B), and Ascariasis (Choice C) are serious health conditions, but they are not typically identified as the primary cause of abortion in Zambia as malaria.

2. Risk of endometrial hyperplasia is greatest in individuals who do not menstruate for at least _____ months and require immediate referral:

• A. 2 months
• B. 3 months
• C. 4 months
• D. 5 months

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: '4 months.' The risk of endometrial hyperplasia is highest in individuals who do not menstruate for at least 4 months. This prolonged exposure to unopposed estrogen can lead to endometrial hyperplasia. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because the risk is greatest after at least 4 months of not menstruating, not 2, 3, or 5 months.

3. Which of the following is a symptom of menopause?

• A. Bleeding per vagina
• B. Sleeping all the time
• C. Insomnia
• D. Increased concentration

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Insomnia is a common symptom of menopause. During menopause, hormonal changes can lead to sleep disturbances, including difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep. Choice A, 'Bleeding per vagina,' is not a typical symptom of menopause but should prompt further evaluation. Choice B, 'Sleeping all the time,' is not a common symptom of menopause; in fact, insomnia, rather than excessive sleep, is more prevalent. Choice D, 'Increased concentration,' is not a symptom of menopause; cognitive changes like forgetfulness or difficulty concentrating may occur, but increased concentration is not a typical manifestation.

4. Which of these methods can be used for the transfer of zygote or early embryo into the fallopian tube?

• A. GIFT
• B. IUT
• C. ZIFT
• D. ICSI

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C, ZIFT (Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer). ZIFT involves transferring a zygote or early embryo into the fallopian tube. GIFT (Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer - A) involves transferring unfertilized eggs and sperm into the fallopian tube for fertilization to occur inside the woman's body, not a zygote or early embryo. IUT (Intrauterine Transfer - B) is not specifically for transferring the zygote or early embryo into the fallopian tube, but rather into the uterus. ICSI (Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection - D) is a technique where a single sperm is injected directly into an egg, not related to transferring embryos into the fallopian tube.

5. Which of the following is the description of a normal cervix on speculum examination in a non-pregnant woman of reproductive age?

• A. Bright red mucosa surrounding the cervical os, in turn surrounded by smooth, pink mucosa
• B. Pink mucosa with multiple small, fluid-filled protrusions
• C. Pink, glistening, smooth mucosa of the exocervix, with a small round or fish-mouthed cervical os
• D. Smooth, pink mucosa and a small, fleshy protrusion through the cervical os

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct description of a normal cervix on speculum examination in a non-pregnant woman of reproductive age is pink, glistening, smooth mucosa of the exocervix, with a small round or fish-mouthed cervical os. This appearance is characteristic of a healthy cervix. Choice A is incorrect as a bright red mucosa is not normal. Choice B is incorrect as multiple small, fluid-filled protrusions suggest a different condition. Choice D is incorrect as a fleshy protrusion through the cervical os is abnormal.

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